球形非金属夹杂物与焊缝金属的断裂

对四种不同强度级别的焊缝金属的廷性断口和脆性断口上的夹杂物进行了系统的观察与分析,探讨了球形非金属夹杂物对焊缝金属断裂性能的影响。焊缝金属的延性断裂性能与所含夹杂物的数量存在直接的关系,而焊缝金属的解理断裂中有相当大的一部分由尺寸相对较大的,与基体结合强度较高的Ti型夹杂物所引发。     

10Cr9Mo1VNbN耐热钢的动态断裂韧度研究

采用自制的仪器化冲击试验机，研究了１０Ｃｒ９Ｍｏ１ＶＮｂＮ钢在７７～９２３Ｋ的冲击韧度和动态断裂韧度．结果表明：在１０Ｃｒ９Ｍｏ１ＶＮｂＮ钢下平台温度范围内，缺口试样冲击能量的绝大部分用于裂纹萌生；在韧脆转变区及上平台范围内，裂纹扩展消耗大量的能量，断口的形貌观察证实了这一点．采用带预制疲劳裂纹的夏比冲击试样的示波冲击试验，可以测量材料的动态断裂韧度，并且它比冲击韧度能更敏感地反映材料脆性断裂趋势．动态断裂韧度值的变化与延伸带宽度、启裂区宽度和启裂区内韧窝尺寸有相同的趋势     

Effect of inclusion size on the high cycle fatigue strength and failure mode of a high V alloyed powder metallurgy tool steel

The fatigue strength of a high V alloyed powder metallurgy tool steel with two different inclusion size levels, tempered at different temperatures, was investigated by a series of high cycle fatigue tests. It was shown that brittle inclusions with large sizes above 30 μm prompted the occurrence of subsurface crack initiation and the reduction in fatigue strength. The fracture toughness and the stress amplitude both exerted a significant influence on the fish-eye size. A larger fish-eye area would form in the sample with a higher fracture toughness subjected to a lower stress amplitude. The stress intensity factor of the inclusion was found to lie above a typical value of the threshold stress intensity factor of 4 MPa·m1/2. The fracture toughness of the sample with a hardness above HRC 56 could be estimated by the mean value of the stress intensity factor of the fish-eye. According to fractographic evaluation, the critical inclusion size can be calculated by linear fracture mechanics.     

钛合金激光/氩弧斜焊缝疲劳性能对比研究

针对TC4钛合金激光、氩弧斜角度焊接疲劳性能展幵对比试验研究。对两种斜焊缝试样的疲劳寿命和疲劳断口进行了対比计算与分析。结果表明:氩弧斜焊试件的疲劳寿命相比激光斜焊的分散性小,激光斜焊试件的中值疲劳寿命是氩弧斜焊的1.96倍;激光焊缝比氩弧焊总体面积小,激光斜焊疲劳裂纹起始于热影响区表面,氩弧斜焊疲劳源位于试件内部气孔缺陷处。裂纹扩展初期两种焊缝均有脆性解理特征矿展后期和瞬断区激光斜焊比氩弧斜焊表现出更好的韧性。     

稀土Ce在大热输入焊缝金属中的作用

研究了稀土Ce对大热输入焊缝金属中夹杂物尺寸大小和分布,焊缝金属的显微组织和力学性能的影响,探讨了稀土Ce的氧硫化物诱导针状铁素体的形核机理。结果表明,稀土Ce能细化焊缝金属的夹杂物,使焊缝金属中直径小于2.0μm的非金属夹杂物达90%以上。稀土Ce在大热输入焊缝金属中以Ce2O2S、Ce3S4和CeS的形式存在,形成中心为Al2O3、TiO、MnO和SiO2,表面为Ce2O2S、Ce2S3或CeS的非金属夹杂物,位于夹杂物表面的Ce2O2S、Ce3S4和CeS诱导针状铁素体形核,增加焊缝金属中针状铁素体的含量,抑制先共析铁素体的生成,细化焊缝金属晶粒,提高焊缝金属的韧性。稀土Ce的氧硫化物诱导针状铁素体形核的机理是Ce2O2S、Ce3S4和CeS与针状铁素体的错配度小。     

铁素体球墨铸铁低温冲击韧性

为了优化生产工艺,探究化学成分对低温冲击韧性影响规律,通过夏比冲击试验方法研究了三组铸态全铁素体球墨铸铁低温冲击韧性,分析了硅碳含量对低温冲击韧性影响及断口形貌。结果表明：三组试样中,冲击韧性随碳含量增多和硅含量降低而升高;冲击韧度值随着温度的降低而下降,-20 ℃下可以达到15.20 J,冲击韧度值在温度低于-40 ℃后变化不大,韧脆转变温度在-40 ℃以上。冲击断口形貌表明,随温度降低,球墨铸铁的断裂机制由韧性断裂转为韧脆混合断裂,最后变为脆性断裂。可见碳硅含量会对低温冲击韧性造成一定影响。     

多裂纹介质在动态载荷作用下的断裂特性研究

采用含双平行裂纹的半圆盘有机玻璃模型,以落锤作为动态加载装置,对动态载荷下多裂纹介质的断裂行为进行了研究。研究结果表明:在动载作用下,含多裂纹的脆性材料的应力场与单一裂纹时的应力场有明显不同。多裂纹介质中裂纹尖端的应力场多为拉剪混合应力场,裂纹起裂多为I-II混合型裂纹,但当裂纹扩展以后,裂纹逐渐向拉伸破坏转变;在多裂纹介质中,当已有一条裂纹扩展时,邻近平行裂纹尖端的能量被释放,邻近平行裂纹尖端的应力集中程度也逐渐下降,说明扩展裂纹对相邻平行裂纹的起裂和扩展有一定的抑制作用;在动载作用下,多裂纹介质中裂纹的起裂韧度KI由2.86 MN/m2下降到1.95 MN/m2,说明多裂纹对介质的起裂韧度有影响。但当试件中有一条裂纹扩展后,邻近平行裂纹对扩展裂纹的传播韧度和扩展速度的影响逐渐减弱。     

V型切口脆性断裂的最大周向应力准则

基于2个基本假设,建立了I-II复合型V型切口脆性断裂的最大周向应力准则。给出了I型V型切口的临界应力强度因子与I型裂纹的临界应力强度因子之间的关系,并用有机玻璃板材加工成2种I-II复合型V型切口试样,进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,所提出的I-II复合型V型切口脆性断裂的最大周向应力准则与实验结果基本吻合。     

激光催裂的初步研究

利用激光可实现对预制Ｖ型切口根部一定深度层内的淬硬，从而大大提高了材料的屈服强度，降低了断裂韧性值Ｋ＿（１ｃ），减少了疲劳断裂周次；并且实现了塑性较好材料的韧性断裂到脆性断裂的转化，降低了断裂能耗，提高了断料效率和断口质量。     

Mechanical properties and fracture toughness of rail steels and thermite welds at low temperature

Brittle fracture occurs frequently in rails and thermite welded joints, which intimidates the security and reliability of railway service. Railways in cold regions, such as Qinghai-Tibet Railway, make the problem of brittle fracture in rails even worse. A series of tests such as uniaxial tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, and three-point bending tests were carried out at low temperature to investigate the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of U71Mn and U75V rail steels and their thermite welds. Fracture micromechanisms were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the fracture surfaces of the tested specimens. The ductility indices (percentage elongation after fracture and percentage reduction of area) and the toughness indices (Charpy impact energy A_k and plane-strain fracture toughness K_IC) of the two kinds of rail steels and the corresponding thermite welds all decrease as the temperature decreases. The thermite welds are more critical to fracture than the rail steel base metals, as indicated by a higher yield-to-ultimate ratio and a much lower Charpy impact energy. U71Mn rail steel is relatively higher in toughness than U75V, as demonstrated by larger A_k and K_IC values. Therefore, U71Mn rail steel and the corresponding thermite weld are recommended in railway construction and maintenance in cold regions.     

焊接接头跨区试样断裂过程的研究

在系列温度下测定了两种焊接接头跨区(焊缝,热影响区,母材)试样的冲击韧性和COD,进行了断口的宏观与微观的观察分析。实验结果表明,非均质跨区试样的冲击韧性与COD之间不存在一般的相关关系。在本实验条件下,冲击韧性取各区韧性的平均值,而COD取各区韧性的最低值。从两韧性指标的物理意义、试样宏观断裂过程和微观断裂机制方面考察了实验现象产生的原因,发现跨区试样在延性裂纹扩展后高强区一侧对低强区一侧的解理存在屏蔽作用。     

00Cr12Ni不锈钢焊接热影响区的组织及韧性

采用Gleeble3800热力模拟试验机模拟了00Cr12Ni不锈钢不同热输入下的焊接热循环.研究了热模拟试样的组织及冲击韧性.实验结果表明,焊接粗晶区晶粒大小和马氏体的体积分数均随热输入的增加而增加;细晶区组织以马氏体为主,有少量的铁素体,晶粒非常细小;焊接粗晶区试样的室温冲击功随热输入的增加而降低;不同热输入下,细晶区模拟试样均具有优良的冲击韧性;粗晶区冲击试样均为脆性断裂,而细晶区冲击试样均为韧性断裂;为得到组织细小、韧性优良的焊接热影响区,应尽量采用小的热输入规范.     

镀锌钢光纤激光搭接焊添加铜粉的试验研究

采用4kW光纤激光器对2片1.2mm厚H220YD镀锌钢板间添加不同质量分数铜粉进行了激光搭接焊.对工艺参数优化后所得到的焊接接头进行了焊缝表面成形、力学性能、断口形貌、成分分布和主要物相等分析.结果表明:添加铜粉质量分数为2.82%时,焊接接头的平均抗拉强度和延伸率分别为382.5MPa和32.5%;添加铜粉质量分数不大于3.46%时,拉伸断裂于母材,属于韧性断裂,而添加铜粉质量分数大于3.46%时,拉伸断裂于焊缝区,属于韧性断裂为主脆性断裂为辅的混合断裂;夹层铜粉的加入,改变了镀锌钢界面的元素分布及物相组成,焊接接头焊缝区域C,Al,Mn,Fe,Zn,Cu元素的混合区宽度较大;当添加铜粉质量分数为2.82%时,Cu元素变化比较稳定,因铜能固溶于锌中形成锌铜固溶体,起到很好的固溶强化作用,故增强了焊缝的强度;当添加铜粉质量分数为8.06%时,Cu元素会向热影响区扩散,易形成Cu5Zn8脆性金属间化合物,使得拉伸易断裂于焊缝区.     

冲击功与COD转变温度的相关关系

对普通C-Mn钢,Cr-Mo钢和三种焊缝金属进行了系列温度示波冲击试验,COD试验和屈服强度的测定,通过对实验结果的分析发现,中低强结构钢和焊缝金属的冲击韧性和断裂韧性的延脆转变温度之间存在着统一的相关关系,即试验材料的两韧性的延脆转变温度迁移量与材料的应变速率敏感性呈线性关系。因此,推荐了工程上用冲击韧性推测断裂韧性的方法,并指出这一相关关系存在的内在原因是不同试验材料的缺口冲击试样和裂纹静载试样在延性断裂过程、解理的力学条件以及解理微观机制这三个方面的相似性。     

Effects of precipitates and inclusions on the fracture toughness of hot rolling X70 pipeline steel plates

In order to investigate the fracture toughness, crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) experiments were conducted on two X70 pipeline steel plates with different rolling processes. After the experiments, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to observe the microstructure and fracture morphology. The effects of precipitates on the fracture toughness and the crack initiation mechanism induced by inclusions were analyzed. The CTOD result shows that the steel with a lower finishing cooling temperature has a higher fracture toughness. Inclusions with different shapes and two kinds of precipitates with different sizes were observed. It can be concluded that precipitates with different sizes have different effects and mechanisms on the fracture toughness. Distinguished from the earlier researches, inclusions enriched in silicon can be also served as the crack initiation.     

Effect of Columnar Crystals on Fatigue-Creep Failure Behaviour of Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy

研究了在交变应力与平均应力迭加条件下，柱状晶体对铁镍铬金的疲劳－蠕变失效行为的影响，结果表明，疲劳－蠕变应力迭加对合金产生交互作用，使其循环断裂寿命大大降低．具有横向柱晶界的试样受到了最强烈的交互作用．断口形貌观察揭示了沿柱晶界脆断是具有横向晶界试样的主要疲劳－蠕变断裂机理．而沿柱晶界断裂附带塑性撕裂结构以及二次裂纹形成所表示的脆－塑性断裂相混合的机理是其它取向试样的主要断裂机理沿柱晶界分布的脆性夹杂物引发沿晶微裂纹并加速沿晶界扩展     

Effects of welding wire composition and welding process on the weld metal toughness of submerged arc welded pipeline steel

The effects of alloying elements in welding wires and submerged arc welding process on the microstructures and low-temperature impact toughness of weld metals have been investigated. The results indicate that the optimal contents of alloying elements in welding wires can improve the low-temperature impact toughness of weld metals because the proeutectoid ferrite and bainite formations can be suppressed, and the fraction of acicular ferrite increases. However, the contents of alloying elements need to vary along with the welding heat input. With the increase in welding heat input, the contents of alloying elements in welding wires need to be increased accordingly. The microstructures mainly consisting of acicular ferrite can be obtained in weld metals after four-wire submerged arc welding using the wires with a low carbon content and appropriate contents of Mn, Mo, Ti-B, Cu, Ni, and RE, resulting in the high low-temperature impact toughness of weld metals.     

Charpy示波冲击的载荷—位移曲线与断裂过程分析

通过对16MnR钢和两种焊缝的V形缺口Charpy冲击试验的示波曲线特征参数与断口形貌参数的比较分析,提出了反映冲击试件断裂规律的载荷—位移全曲线及其中断的概念,并用这一概念描述了Charpy试件的宏观断裂过程。     

铝锂合金冲击韧性与温度的关系

研究了Al-2.2Li-2.2Cu-1.5Mg-0.12Zr合金的冲击韧性α_k与温度T的关系.结果表明,在本实验温度范围(90～573K)内,室温(303K)下α_k值最小,α_k-T曲线以303K和223K为界呈V形和倒V形分布,室温下冲击试样主要是沿晶断裂,而223K时主要是穿晶断裂.