重庆地区“5.30”暴雨过程的数值模拟及诊断分析

利用WRF(Weather Research Forecast)中尺度数值模式模拟了2004年5月29日20时至30日20时发生在重庆及周边地区的暴雨过程,使用模式输出的高分辨率资料从动力角度对这次暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.结果表明:WRF模式较成功地模拟出了本次大气降水的演变过程,可为暴雨预报和物理诊断提供参考;模拟诊断表明在预报业务中使用螺旋度、非地转湿Q矢量和等位温面图的流线分析等可能会提高预报效果.     

台风韦帕的数值模拟和诊断分析

本文采用WRF中尺度数值模式,以NCEP再分析资料作为初始场和侧边界,对0713号台风韦帕登陆过程进行数值模拟,结果表明该模式能很好的模拟处理台风路径和暴雨落区,并进行相对螺旋度分析,结果表明相对螺旋度对降雨的预报有很好的指示作用。     

2003年江淮连续梅雨暴雨过程的中尺度数值试验

为了分析天气研究及预报WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式对我国天气现象的适用性,利用WRF模式对2003年淮河汛期的3次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了一组数值模拟试验,对3次天气过程模拟试验采用相同的参数设置,模拟区域根据实况降水落区作了相应设置.模拟结果分析表明,WRF模式能有效模拟我国梅雨锋暴雨的环流背景和天气形势,较好地反映影响暴雨的中尺度系统的发生和发展等特征,还可以较好地模拟出雨带的范围、位置和走向,对降水中心的模拟基本可用.     

云南2次西行台风暴雨过程数值模拟和诊断分析

利用NCEP再分析资料和中尺度数值预报模式(WRF模式),采用三重嵌套网格对2014年7月20日08:00—21日08:00与9月17日08:00—18日08:00的2次西行台风影响云南暴雨过程进行数值模拟试验,并对试验结果进行诊断对比分析.结果表明:WRF模式客观地模拟出了西行台风暴雨过程的强降水落区、强度和基本特征,但当高空无冷空气影响热带低压时暴雨中心与低压中心吻合,冷空气入侵热带低压外围时暴雨中心偏离热带低压中心.同时,较好地模拟出西行台风影响系统的移动方向和影响区域,由于没有考虑地形作用,模拟的影响系统和降水落区比实况位置稍偏西偏北和强度偏弱,但总体上高空高度场、温度场和流场分布也与实况基本一致.另外,WRF模式对相对湿度、涡度、垂直速度的模拟能很好地指示强降水发生的深厚高湿环境条件、正涡管效应和强烈深厚上升运动条件,模拟结果对强降水落区和发生时间有非常好的指示性.     

陇南一次暴雨灾害天气过程的诊断分析

2012年5月10日,甘肃陇南岷县出现了罕见的雷电、短时强降水、冰雹、阵性大风等强对流天气,因灾造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失.利用NCEP再分析资料和中尺度WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式对此次天气过程进行了模拟,并使用模式输出产品作了多种物理量诊断分析.结果表明:该模式能较好地模拟这次天气过程;在此次降水发生过程中,暴雨区出现了很强的辐合上升运动,为降水的形成和发展提供了动力条件,中低层负螺旋度的短暂出现可以作为此次降水即将发生的一个指标;来自西亚地区和孟加拉湾的水汽在甘南中层辐合为此次暴雨提供了足够的水汽;不稳定能量的聚集和释放,并且能量的释放过程比积累过程要快,导致了暴雨的产生.     

采用WRF模式模拟风场分析中尺度暴雨

2005年6月9-10日江苏省中部发生了一次比较突兀的较强降水过程。采用一般常规资料不能清楚得显示其降水的中尺度特征,本文借助于最新的WRF中尺度模式对此次过程进行了数值模拟,暴雨落区及降水量与实况比较接近,说明模拟的效果是令人满意的。接着仅用得出的风场资料进行了分析,结果清楚得揭示了此次降水的中尺度特征,说明WRF模式能准确得模拟出中小尺度天气系统。本文采用的WRF模式参数设置对于模拟我国江淮地区夏季暴雨具有一定的参考价值。     

上海"0185"热带低压特大暴雨维持机理研究

发生在上海地区的2001年8月5～6日热带低压特大暴雨过程(简称"0185"过程)是一次高影响性、灾害性天气.对于此次事件的预报失败,凸现了该过程的动力复杂性,并引起台风研究学者的高度关注.采取天气学诊断、动力学分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,综合应用日本20 km高分辨率RSMRANAL再分析资料、卫星云图资料和中尺度数值模拟产品对于暴雨动力学机理进行了研究.结果表明:引起上海"0185"特大暴雨过程并不是热带低压本体降水;"0185"过程的独特之处在于,在夏季强大的西北太平洋副高控制区域,同样可以维持强盛的中尺度低涡环流中心;而上述两点恰恰是导致预报人员误判并导致预报失败的两个重要原因."0185"过程中北方冷涡南压和热带暖心低压北上产生的强烈冲击导致高压带断裂或减弱,使得中尺度低压环流中心得以发展和维持.冷槽南压和热带暖心低压北上所激发的中尺度对流辐合体(MCC)在卫星云图上清晰可辨.在此分析基础上,引入第二类热成风螺旋度,它能很好地反映温度场水平分布不均匀所导致的水平环境风场垂直切变,而此垂直切变与低涡系统经向移动风矢所构成的水平螺旋度,进一步和上升对流通过涡管倾斜作用相纽结,表征了导致特大暴雨强盛涡旋上升对流的维持机理.事实上,第二类热成风螺旋度确能较好地反映降水落区和降水随时间的演变.     

一次区域性暴雨的数值模拟和诊断分析

利用1次/6 h的NCEP-NCAR再分析资料,对2013年7月21-22日发生在陕西中部的一次大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和诊断分析.结果表明副热带高压的加强西伸,低层大量暖湿气流输送和中高层冷空气交汇,是造成此次降水的主要原因.分析数值模拟结果发现WRF模式能很好地模拟降水区域、降水中心和降水强度.暴雨期间,低层辐合、高层辐散的耦合结构和整层强上升运动以及正涡度的变化均与暴雨中的垂直螺旋度分布特征紧密联系,与暴雨大值时段对应.垂直螺旋度随时间的变化与强降水发生的时间和强度具有明显的相关关系.     

一次东北暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用一个η坐标暴雨模式的预报结果,研究了1998年8月的一次东北暴雨过程。主要对湿位涡和螺旋度进行了诊断、分析。结果表明,当对流层中低层为正涡度,高层为负涡度,在垂直方向有较大上升运动时,则易导致对流性降水;暴雨落区与低层正MPV1(湿正压项)区域对应。而且,螺旋度和湿位涡与暴雨中心有同时分裂的现象,这对暴雨落区有较好的指示作用。     

地形重力波拖曳在一次阴山南部暴雨中的影响分析

利用NCEP FNL全球分析资料、自动气象站资料,从动力条件、热力条件、水汽条件等方面对2013年6月30日-7月1日内蒙古阴山南部地区暴雨过程进行诊断分析,通过WRF3.3.1模式对本次暴雨天气过程的数值模拟试验,来探讨地形诱发的重力波拖曳(OGWD)效应对降雨的作用.试验结果表明:地形重力波拖曳效应使得地形降水没有随重力波的传播而向北发展,而是在阴山南部停滞,导致了此次阴山南部的强降水过程.引入OGWD参数化方案后,WRF3.3.1模式在降水落区、暴雨中心位置及强度方面的模拟能力都有了很大程度的改善,模拟结果与实况更为接近.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.