Inducing dopaminergic differentiation of expanded rat mesencephalic neural stem cells by ascorbic acid in vitro

Ascorbic acid (AA) induced differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is reported.NSCs derived from rat mesencephalon were maintained and expanded in a defined medium containing mitogens of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF).Compared with the control, ascorbic acid treatment led to more DAergic neuronal differentiation as indicated by the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT), which are specific markers of dopamine neurons.AA induction also enhanced expression of Nurr1 and Shh.PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, could block AA-induced Nurr1, TH and DAT mRNA expression.The results might suggest a new strategy to provide enough dopaminergic cells for the therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD), and Nurr1 and ERK signaling pathway might participate in the AA-induced DAergic differentiation.     

Differential Notch signalling distinguishes neural stem cells from intermediate progenitors

During brain development, neurons and glia are generated from a germinal zone containing both neural stem cells (NSCs) and more limited intermediate neural progenitors (INPs). The signalling events that distinguish between these two proliferative neural cell types remain poorly understood. The Notch signalling pathway is known to maintain NSC character and to inhibit neurogenesis, although little is known about the role of Notch signalling in INPs. Here we show that both NSCs and INPs respond to Notch receptor activation, but that NSCs signal through the canonical Notch effector C-promoter binding factor 1 (CBF1), whereas INPs have attenuated CBF1 signalling. Furthermore, whereas knockdown of CBF1 promotes the conversion of NSCs to INPs, activation of CBF1 is insufficient to convert INPs back to NSCs. Using both transgenic and transient in vivo reporter assays we show that NSCs and INPs coexist in the telencephalic ventricular zone and that they can be prospectively separated on the basis of CBF1 activity. Furthermore, using in vivo transplantation we show that whereas NSCs generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at similar frequencies, INPs are predominantly neurogenic. Together with previous work on haematopoietic stem cells, this study suggests that the use or blockade of the CBF1 cascade downstream of Notch is a general feature distinguishing stem cells from more limited progenitors in a variety of tissues.     

Directing neural stem cell fate with biomaterial parameters for injured brain regeneration

The discovery of neural stem cells (NSCs), which have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into all types of neural lineages, offers promising prospect for the treatment of brain neurological disorders such as stroke/cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. However, only limited number of NSCs could survive or propagate due to tissue inflammation or blood-brain barrier. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an appropriate culture system that highly mimics the natural NSCs niche to direct stem cell fate and behavior for nerve regeneration. Both biophysical and biochemical properties of the NSC niche, including topology, mechanical properties, bioactive molecules, and their spatial and temporal presentations should be considered for the design of functionalized scaffolds, which could not only serve as the delivery vehicles of NSCs but also stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level, such as support endogenous or exogenous cells proliferation, migration and homing, even promote the growth of axon at the injured brain site. This review attempts to outline the varieties of biomaterial     

神经干细胞及其临床应用潜能

近年来神经干细胞已在成年哺乳动物中的中枢神经系统中分离成功。神经干细胞的最基本特征是具有分化为神经元、星状胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的潜能，具有自我更新能力，并足以维持整个大脑所需。神经干细胞在修复受伤神经组织及治疗神经系统退行性疾病，如帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、和亨庭顿病等方面有很好的应用前景。但在达到临床实际应用之前仍有一系列问题需要解决，最首要的是搞清神经干细胞的分化机制。     

Purification of a pluripotent neural stem cell from the adult mouse brain

The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a population of neural stem cells (NSCs) with properties said to include the generation of non-neural progeny. However, the precise identity, location and potential of the NSC in situ remain unclear. We purified NSCs from the adult mouse brain by flow cytometry, and directly examined the cells' properties. Here we show that one type of NSC, which expresses the protein nestin but only low levels of PNA-binding and HSA proteins, is found in both ependymal and subventricular zones and accounts for about 63% of the total NSC activity. Furthermore, the selective depletion of the population of this stem cell in querkopf mutant mice (which are deficient in production of olfactory neurons) suggests that it acts as a major functional stem cell in vivo. Most freshly isolated NSCs, when co-cultured with a muscle cell line, rapidly differentiated in vitro into myocytes that contain myosin heavy chain (MyHC). This demonstrates that a predominant, functional type of stem cell exists in the periventricular region of the adult brain with the intrinsic ability to generate neural and non-neural cells.     

氯化镧和氯化钆对小鼠免疫细胞作用的体外实验

通过MTT法研究了LaCl3和GdCl3对小鼠免疫细胞的作用.结果表明,GdCl3在0.001～10μmol/L浓度内均能促进小鼠脾细胞的增殖,0.001～0.1μmol/L的LaCl3促进小鼠脾细胞的增殖,其他浓度没有影响;除0.1μmol/L浓度外,其他测试浓度下的LaCl3均促进小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖;0.001μmol/L的GdCl3抑制小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖,0.01～1μmol/L时对小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖没有影响,10μmol/L时转而促进小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖.浓度为0.1μmol/L的LaCl3和GdCl3对小鼠B淋巴细胞的增殖有抑制作用,其他测试浓度下均促进小鼠B淋巴细胞的增殖.作用时间为4 h时,0.001μmol/L的LaCl3对NK细胞的活性没有影响,其他浓度下的LaCl3均能提高NK细胞的活性,0.001～10μmol/L的GdCl3均能提高NK细胞的活性;作用时间为8 h时,0.001和0.01μmol/L的LaCl3显著降低NK细胞的活性,0.1和1μmol/L的LaCl3提高NK细胞的活性,当浓度为10μmol/L时对NK细胞的活性没有影响,1μmol/L的GdCl3降低NK细胞的活性,其他测试浓度均能提高NK细胞的活性.这提示LaCl3和GdCl3对小鼠免疫细胞的影响模式与其作用浓度、作用时间以及稀土元素的种类都是密切相关的.     

不同诱导条件对树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的影响

目的 探讨不同诱导条件对树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞（BM-MSCs）体外向成骨细胞分化的影响。方法 取 P3代树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞分成7组进行诱导。A组：高糖DMEM+1μmol/L地塞米松+100μmol/L维生素C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠;B组：高糖 DMEM+50 ng/mL BMP-2;C组：高糖 DMEM+80 ng/mL BMP-2;D组：高糖DMEM+50μmol/L维生素C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠+20ng/m L BMP-2;E组：高糖 DMEM+1μmol/L地塞米松 +100μmol/L维生素C+20 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠;F组：高糖DMEM+100μmol/L地塞米松+100μmol/L维生素 C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠;G组：DMEM/F12+0.1μmol/L地塞米松 +50μmol/L维生素C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠。诱导18 d后进行碱性磷酸酶和茜素红染色鉴定其诱导分化情况。结果 每一组碱性磷酸酶染色呈不同程度的阳性,茜素红染色可在A、B、C、D和E组观察到明显矿化结节。结论 A组、B组、C组、D组和 E组可以诱导树鼩BM-MSCs向成骨细胞分化,其中以A组和B组效果最为突出。     

Cell fusion-independent differentiation of neural stem cells to the endothelial lineage

Somatic stem cells have been claimed to possess an unexpectedly broad differentiation potential (referred to here as plasticity) that could be induced by exposing stem cells to the extracellular developmental signals of other lineages in mixed-cell cultures. Recently, this and other experimental evidence supporting the existence of stem-cell plasticity have been refuted because stem cells have been shown to adopt the functional features of other lineages by means of cell-fusion-mediated acquisition of lineage-specific determinants (chromosomal DNA) rather than by signal-mediated differentiation. In this study we co-cultured mouse neural stem cells (NSCs), which are committed to become neurons and glial cells, with human endothelial cells, which form the lining of blood vessels. We show that in the presence of endothelial cells six per cent of the NSC population converted to cells that did not express neuronal or glial markers, but instead showed the stable expression of multiple endothelial markers and the capacity to form capillary networks. This was surprising because NSCs and endothelial cells are believed to develop from the ectoderm and mesoderm, respectively. Experiments in which endothelial cells were killed by fixation before co-culture with live NSCs (to prevent cell fusion) and karyotyping analyses, revealed that NSCs had differentiated into endothelial-like cells independently of cell fusion. We conclude that stem-cell plasticity is a true characteristic of NSCs and that the conversion of NSCs to unanticipated cell types can be accomplished without cell fusion.     

全反式维甲酸对小鼠胚胎不同阶段神经干细胞诱导作用研究

目的:探讨全反式维甲酸对小鼠胚胎不同阶段神经干细胞(NSCs)的诱导分化情况.方法:分离孕12.5d及15.5d的胚胎小鼠脑皮质.取第3代NSCs,用含1μmol·L-1的全反式维甲酸在体外诱导小鼠胚胎不同阶段的NSCs.诱导5d后,通过神经元微管相关蛋白2(MAP2)免疫荧光染色和Westernblots检测NSCs分化为神经元的比例.结果:与对照组相比,全反式维甲酸可明显提高神经元分化的比例.E12.5干细胞和E15.5胚胎干细胞分化为神经元的比例分别为30%±1.47%和16.21%±1.36%.结论全反式维甲酸具有显著的促神经干细胞分化成神经元的效应,并对胚胎不同阶段神经干细胞的诱导作用有所不同.     

不同Fe~(3+)浓度下赤潮异弯藻对阳光UVR的响应

探讨了不同Fe3+离子浓度环境下,赤潮异弯藻对阳光紫外辐射(ultraviolet radiation,UVR)的响应.结果发现,在Fe3+限制(5×10-3μmol/L)的情况下,阳光紫外辐射的存在,可以提高赤潮异弯藻的生长速率.而在Fe3+饱和(11.65μmol/L)的情况下,这一现象并不明显.说明Fe3+限制培养的细胞,对UVR的敏感性下降.细胞紫外吸收物质(MAAs)的合成受到Fe3+的调节.生长于Fe3+饱和环境下,接受全阳光辐射,胞内MAAs的含量增加明显,抵抗UVR的能力加强,生长加快.因此,赤潮异弯藻对UVR的响应机制,是受到细胞可利用Fe3+浓度调节的.     

Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Down-Regulation of Bcl-2 in Arachidonic Acid-Induced Apoptosis in HUVECs

0IntroductionAraacicdhi,diosn fiocu ancidd p(reAdAo)m i,naanntelsys eantt itahle p sonl-y2u npsoastiutiroante doff actetl-ylular phospholipids . Normal free AAconcentrationin humanblood ranges from5 .8μmol/Lto 49 .3μmol/L[1].It is re-leased mostlythroughactivation of phospholipase A2by physi-ological and pathological sti muli[2]. Free AAcan be metabo-lizedinto various eicosanoids via specific enzymes such as cy-clooxygenases ( COX) , lipoxygenase and cytochromesP-450[3]. During AA met…     

马钱子苷对神经干细胞的增殖、存活和分化的调节作用

为探讨不同浓度的马钱子苷对神经干细胞的增殖、存活和分化的调节作用及其相关分子机制，本实验从成年小鼠大脑中分离培养了神经干细胞，用不同浓度的马钱子苷进行干预，观察马钱子苷对神经干细胞增殖、存活和分化的影响。结果显示：成年小鼠神经干细胞在含有中、高浓度马钱子苷的增殖培养基中培养5 d和7 d后，神经球数量和直径与对照相比显著增加（P<0.05）；中、高剂量的马钱子苷能够促进神经干细胞的有丝分裂，低剂量马钱子苷处理显著促进神经干细胞发生分化（P<0.01），并增加神经元和星形胶质细胞的数量及比例（P<0.01）；中、高剂量马钱子苷抑制神经干细胞分化（P<0.05），高剂量的马钱子苷使得神经元的数量减少（P<0.05）。研究结果表明，高浓度的马钱子苷能够促进神经干细胞存活，并通过促进神经干细胞有丝分裂来提高其增殖能力；低浓度的马钱子苷促进神经干细胞分化，有利于神经再生和少突胶质细胞再生。研究结果为神经干细胞治疗中枢神经系统疾病的研究奠定了理论和实验基础。     

氯化铒和氯化镝对小鼠免疫细胞作用的体外实验

为探讨稀土元素对机体免疫功能的影响,通过噻唑兰(MTT)法研究了氯化铒(ErCl3)和氯化镝(DyCl3)对小鼠免疫细胞的作用.结果表明,浓度为0.001,0.1,1μmol/L的ErCl3抑制小鼠脾细胞的增殖,其他测试浓度下的ErCl3对小鼠脾细胞增殖没有影响.除浓度为0.1μmol/L的DyCl3对小鼠脾细胞增殖没有影响外,其他测试浓度的DyCl3促进小鼠脾细胞的增殖.在测试浓度范围内,ErCl3对小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖的影响表现为:抑制-促进-没有影响-促进;DyCl3均促进小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖,而且随着作用浓度的增大,其促进作用减弱.ErCl3和DyCl3对小鼠B淋巴细胞的增殖的影响是类似的,浓度为0.001和0.01μmol/L的ErCl3对小鼠B淋巴细胞的增殖没有影响,同样浓度的DyCl3则促进小鼠B淋巴细胞的增殖;升高浓度为0.1μmol/L时,ErCl3和DyCl3均抑制小鼠B淋巴细胞的增殖,进一步升高浓度为1,10μmol/L时,它们都转而促进小鼠B淋巴细胞的增殖.作用时间为4h时,ErCl3和DyCl3均能提高NK细胞的活性,当作用时间延长到8h时,其提高NK细胞的活性的能力减弱,甚至个别浓度转为降低NK细胞的活性.研究结果提示,ErCl3和DyCl3对小鼠免疫细胞的影响与其作用时间、浓度和稀土化合物的种类存在着一定的相关性.     

抗坏血酸在纳米金/石墨烯复合物修饰电极上的电化学行为研究

根据Hummers方法制备了石墨烯(GR),通过在石墨烯修饰玻碳电极(GR/GCE)表面电沉积纳米金粒子(Au NPs)制备了纳米金/石墨烯复合物修饰电极(Au NPs/GR/GCE),采用扫描电镜表征了电极形貌;并用循环伏安法研究了抗坏血酸(AA)在此修饰电极上的电化学行为,在p H=4.0的磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲溶液中,AA在复合物修饰电极上产生一灵敏的氧化峰,氧化峰电流显著高于裸玻碳电极(GCE)和石墨烯修饰玻碳电极(GR/GCE);在优化实验条件下,建立了循环伏安法测定AA的方法,氧化峰电流与AA的浓度在7⁵00μmol/L和1500μmol/L和1³0 mmol/L范围内呈良好的线性,检出限为5μmol/L(信噪比=3);用该方法测定维生素C片中AA的含量,回收率在97.69%30 mmol/L范围内呈良好的线性,检出限为5μmol/L(信噪比=3);用该方法测定维生素C片中AA的含量,回收率在97.69%¹03.5%之间.     

GDNF提高端粒酶活性并且促进神经干细胞生长和分裂

对于多种神经细胞，胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（GDNF）具有维持生长、存活、促进分化和成熟的作用，初次在神经干细胞中发现了GDNF的这一营养效应，但这种作用并不对神经干细胞的分化方向产生影响，进而通过测定神经干细胞的端粒酶活性和端粒酶活性的抑制实验，表明端粒酶活性的增高与GDNF对神经干细胞生长和分裂的促进作用有关，因此完善了GDNF在神经细胞中的信号传导和功能实现途径的理解。     

灯盏乙素对乳腺癌细胞中lncRNAs表达的影响

检测灯盏乙素对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞中的长链非编码RNA(LncRNAs)的相对表达量的影响,进一步探索灯盏乙素对肿瘤的作用机制.采用实时荧光定量PCR的方法,检测对照组与不同剂量组的灯盏乙素处理后的乳腺肿瘤细胞中lncRNAs MALAT1、NEAT1和p53基因mRNA的相对表达量,并观察细胞存活率.结果发现,灯盏乙素在低剂量(1、10、25μmol/L)时促进细胞增殖,而在高剂量50μmol/L以上时抑制细胞增殖.灯盏乙素在低剂量时使得乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞中MALAT1,NEAT1和p53基因的表达水平下降,而在100μmol/L的高剂量时MALAT1,NEAT1和p53基因的表达水平上升.灯盏乙素影响乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞中LncRNAs MALAT1和NEAT1基因以及p53基因的表达,并且存在剂量反应关系,低剂量与高剂量呈现出相反的表达量变化.     

稀土离子对TaqTMDNA聚合酶的抑制机理

在PCR扩增水平上研究了La^ 3和Ce^ 3对Taq^TMDNA聚合酶的抑制机理,采用动态荧光比色法测定PCR扩增产物浓度，证明了La^ 3和Ce^ 3在10～50μmol／L抑制DNA复制是由于其抑制了Taq^TMDNA聚合酶的活性所致,且该抑制属竞争性的抑制，得到了La^ 3和Ce^ 3对Taq^TMDNA聚合酶的抑制常数分别为12．7μmol／L和14．4μmol／L。     

Nicotine-induced upregulation of antioxidant protein Prx 1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Nicotine is a source of exogenous oxidative stress, which is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), whereas an antioxidant protein, peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx 1), plays an important role in the modulation of this condition. This study was to investigate the association between Prx 1 and tobacco-induced oxidative stress. The expression of Prx 1 and GST in OSCC Tca8113 cells, which were pre-treated with nicotine, was determined. In the present study, MTT assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively, were conducted to assess cell viability, ROS level, and expression level of Prx 1 and GST in nicotine-treated Tca8113 cells. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF- B) expression was detected by immuno-fluorescence. Our results showed the growth of Tca8113 cells was increased in a dose-dependent manner when cells were treated with nicotine at concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mol/L, but the proliferation of the cells decreased at 100 mol/L. ROS levels increased in all groups treated with nicotine at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 mol/L for 24h. Prx 1 and GST mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated in cells treated with nicotine for the same time at different concentrations or at the same concentration for different times (P<0.05). NF-B was translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus, the expression of NF- B was increased in nucleus. These results suggest that up-regulation of Prx1 expression appears to be associated with tobacco-induced oxidative stress, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of OSCC.     

Effects of ytterbium on outward K<Superscript>+</Superscript> currents in NIH3T3 cell

Using the whole cell patch-clamp technique, we observed the outward K+ currents and studied for the first time the effects of Yb3+ on the currents and kinetics of activation and inactivation in non-excitable NIH3T3 cell. Our results show that the outward K+ currents were promoted with increasing concentration of Ca2+ in pipette solution and saturated at the concentration of 100 μmol/L Ca2+. Yb3+ in bath solution inhibited the currents in a concentration-dependent manner. At the concentration of 1 μmol/L, Yb...     

石蒜碱对人胃癌细胞体外增殖的影响

以体外培养的h GCCs MGC-803细胞系为研究对象,采用不同浓度石蒜碱(5、2.5、1.25μmol/L)进行处理,倒置显微镜下观察其生长状态,同时采用血球计数板统计其体外增殖率,采用流式细胞技术检测处于不同细胞周期的细胞比例.结果表明,石蒜碱处理对h GCCs的体外增殖具有一定的抑制作用,其中5μmol/L石蒜碱对h GCCs的抑制作用最为明显.显微观察和计数分析结果表明,5μmol/L石蒜碱处理的h GCCs活力最低,细胞凋亡现象最明显.细胞周期检测的结果显示石蒜碱处理会使h GCCs增殖趋缓,细胞周期延长.