南京市早春访花昆虫种类及其行为研究

针对南京地区早春主要开花植物,于2013年3月5日至5月15日,采用捕捉、鉴定、视频、图像采集等方法,对访花昆虫的种类、访花行为、访花频率和日活动规律进行了观察研究。结果表明:南京地区主要开花植物的访花昆虫有7目20科32种,主要类群为双翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目,其中东方蜜蜂、黄胸木蜂、长木蜂、赤足木蜂、黑颚条蜂、食蚜蝇以及菜粉蝶为主要访花昆虫。它们的弹花频率、每小花停留时间等访花行为受到花色、花的味道、花的结构以及访花昆虫自身结构的影响而表现出不同的特点。     

四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim.)和霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum(Bunge)Maxim.)营养器官比较解剖

观察表明:四合木和霸王的叶都有一条主脉和一条从基部出发止于叶缘中部的大侧脉;二者都为环孔材。同时,二者都以发达的皮层纤维、叶肉棚栏组织发达、叶肉细胞壁皱褶等共同的方式适应干旱环境。四合木和霸王有许多明显的解剖学差异,以不同的方式适应干旱环境,表现出系统上的差异,如四合木初生根为四原型,而霸王及蒺藜科绝大部分类群的根为二原型;四合木次生木质部为同型单列射线,多生活纤维而少木薄壁细胞,而霸王为同型单列和同型多列两类射线,以后者为主,并且多木薄壁细胞而不见生活纤维;四合本叶表皮的角质膜薄。密度丁字毛,气孔极下陷,而霸王叶表皮角质膜厚,无表皮毛,气孔下陷较小;此外,四合木基本组织中富含簇品细胞,茎中具特殊的油细胞,而霸王中不存在。这些差异特征支持一些分类工作者把四合木属从霸王亚科分出,新成立四合木亚科(Tetranenoideae Maet S. Z. zhang)。     

同域分布两种马先蒿植物的花特征及其对传粉昆虫访花行为的影响

以青藏高原东部高寒草地同域分布的两种马先蒿属植物甘肃马先蒿和半扭卷马先蒿为实验材料,通过传粉观测、花特征测量和表型操控实验分析花特征和报酬对传粉者熊蜂访花行为的影响.结果表明,马先蒿属植物花大小、花数目和花下唇面积可显著影响传粉者的访花行为;两种马先蒿植物采取不同吸引策略,其中甘肃马先蒿通过增加花数目,半扭卷马先蒿通过增加花下唇面积以增加访花频率.实验减少两种马先蒿植物花报酬(花蜜和花粉)均显著降低传粉者的访花频率,报酬改变使传粉者发生适应性行为转变.两种由相似传粉者传粉的同域分布马先蒿物种的花特征通过对传粉者行为不同的影响,可促进物种共存.     

西鄂尔多斯地区绵刺生长期和休眠期生理特性的研究

研究了西鄂尔多斯地区自然生境下强旱生小灌木绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)的生理特性,以同生境珍稀植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)和霸王(Zygophylum xanthoxylum)作为对照,通过对生长期、休眠期的绵刺叶片抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量的生理响应测定,探讨具有休眠—复苏特性的珍稀植物绵刺在野外不同时期的生理抗旱特性.结果表明,绵刺休眠期的抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、POD的活性,以及超氧阴离子产生速率和MDA、ASA、GSH、脯氨酸的含量均高于生长期;四合木和霸王生长初期和生长中期抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量的变化趋势与绵刺相一致;极度干旱胁迫下绵刺的适应方式为休眠躲避干旱,四合木和霸王的适应方式为抵抗干旱.     

西鄂尔多斯特有种四合木与同生境下蒺藜科三个种的核rDNA ITS的序列比较研究

为揭示分布于西鄂尔多斯高原的中国特有种四合木对生境的适应性及与其他属的亲缘关系，用PCR直接测序方法，对四合木与同生境蒺藜科(zygophllyaceae)其他3个种的核糖体DNA ITS片段进行了序列分析，结果表明，4种植物在ITS片段长度、GC百分含量和变异位点数上均存在一定差异，ITSl长177-212bp，ITS2长218-237bp；GC含量为57．7％～62％，信息位点比例30．1％，系统发育分析表明，四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim)与霸王(Zygo-phyllum xanthoxylum Maxim)在系统位置上较相近，白刺(Nitraria sibirica Pall)与蒺藜(Tribulus terrestris L．)较相近，ITS所揭示的亲缘关系与这些种的形态学和胚胎学特征相似。     

四合木提取物对14种植物病原菌生物活性的研究

采用生长速率法测定了四合木5种有机溶剂(石油醚、丙酮、乙醚、无水甲醇、二氯甲烷)提取物和水煮膏对14种植物病原真菌的生物活性.结果表明,不同溶剂的四合木提取物在100 g/L浓度下对植物病菌菌丝生长的影响情况十分复杂,即对少数个别病菌的生长表现出较强的抑制作用,对一些病菌抑制作用较弱,对另一些病菌的生长则几乎没有影响,而对某些病菌还表现出一定、甚至很强的促进生长的作用.     

濒危荒漠灌木四合木的种群更新与保护策略

四合木(Tetraena mongolica)为蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceae)强旱生落叶小灌木,是内蒙古西鄂尔多斯地区草原化荒漠植被的主要群种之一,被列为国家一级保护植物.就四合木的种子雨、种子萌发、幼苗生长及其适应性以及克隆分株特性与其种群更新的关系等方面进行了综述,并对四合木的种群更新与保护策略提出了若干建议.     

四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim)氨基酸含量特征分析

西鄂尔多斯地区四合木(TetraenamongolicaMaxim)氨基酸含量的测定与分析表明:四合木中含有动物必须的8种氨基酸,其含量为:成株13.65g·kg-1,幼苗15.46g·kg-1,分别占氨基酸总量的36.77%和32.645%.四合木成株与幼苗的根、茎、叶之间部分氨基酸含量有显著差异,除苏氨酸外,其它氨基酸含量特征为幼苗>成株;四合木11种氨基酸含量高于沙打旺、紫花苜蓿而小于沙生灌木、沙棘、花棒、柠条和多枝柽柳.与其它5种优良牧草(箭舌豌豆、苦卖菜、沙打旺、白三叶、紫花苜蓿)必须氨基酸含量相比较,部分氨基酸含量高于箭舌豌豆和白三叶.与荒漠濒危植物比较,其脯氨酸含量具有特殊性.四合木幼苗根与茎之间脯氨酸含量有显著差异,且根的脯氨酸含量为茎的2倍.由于脯氨酸含量与植物的抗旱能力呈正相关,因此,十分有利于四合木幼苗的成活.     

四合木(Tetraena Mongolica Maxim.)自然更新及就地保护途径的研究

通过对天然条件下四合木开花结实情况及自然更新情况的调查和补种对比实验及补肥补水等实验,结合有关四合木保护生物学的研究成果,探讨了四合木自然更新的可能性.同时结合西鄂尔多斯国家级自然保护区的实际情况提出了采取积极围栏保护方式和其他辅助措施为其种子向幼苗转化提供就地保护的有效途径.通过对四合木9个10m×10m样方的观测,比较研究了四合木在自然更新、消极围栏保护和积极围栏保护三种情况下的种群状况.消极围栏保护可缓解人为因素对四合木种群的影响,但无法有效促进四合木种群的更新;积极围栏保护(围栏+补水补肥)可以有效保护四合木种群,是对四合木进行就地保护的有效途径.     

特有种四合木种群遗传结构分析

对四合木种群的遗传结构进行了研究．结果表明，四合木在种群水平上维持较高的遗传多样性．大部分遗传多样性存在于种群内，种群间的遗传分化很低．四合木的较高的遗传多样性是在长期进化过程中适应生境条件变化形成的．其基因组DNA存在较高的变异性，各种群之间存在一定的基因流，四合木各种群可看成是meta-种群，应注意保护四合木中具有丰富的遗传多样性的meta-种群．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.