Determination of dielectric properties of titanium carbide fabricated by microwave synthesis with Ti-bearing blast furnace slag

The preparation of functional material titanium carbide by the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with microwave heating is an effective method for valuable metals recovery; it can alleviate the environmental pressure caused by slag stocking.The dynamic dielectric parameters of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag/pulverized coal mixture under high-temperature heating are measured by the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method.Combining the transient dipole and large π bond delocalization polarization phenomena, the interaction mechanism of the microwave macroscopic non-thermal effect on the titanium carbide synthesis reaction was revealed.The material thickness range during microwave heating was optimized by the joint analysis of penetration depth and reflection loss, which is of great significance to the design of the microwave reactor for the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.     

传统加热和微波加热下氧化锰矿的碳热还原行为研究

For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn, the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated. The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties. The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating. The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating. The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed. The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn. The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of MnO to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.     

Silicon assistant carbothermal reduction for SiC powders

The silicon assistant method to increase the reaction yield of carbothermal reduction of silica at a lower temperature is reported. The effect of silicon on the carbothermal reduction process has been investigated in detail. Compared with traditional reduction, the introduction of silicon can change the reaction path and further increase the conversion of silicon carbide at a lower temperature. It is considered that the assistant reduction consists of three steps: vaporizing and melting of silicon, formation of silicon monoxide, and synthesis of silicon carbide. The morphology of the synthesized SiC powders through the silicon assistant method can be affected apparently by the experimental temperature.     

Facile synthesis of Ca-α-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphor by the microwave sintering method and its photoluminescence properties

Pure Ca-SiAlON:Eu2+ was synthesized by microwave sintering method at a relatively low temperature of 1550℃.Photoluminescence intensity of the resultant phosphor was higher than those of the samples synthesized by conventional gas-pressure sintering technique at 1750℃.When it was excited at 450 nm,the as-prepared yellow Ca-SiAlON:Eu2+ sample had an external quantum efficiency of 42%,comparable to the sample synthesized at 1750℃ under 0.5 MPaN2 gas pressure by the GPS method reported in reference.The experimental results demonstrated that the microwave sintering method was also an interesting approach for synthesizing nitride phosphors,which promises lower firing temperature than those by carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) methods,higher heating rate and shorter duration time compared with those by gas-pressure sintering.     

Numerical simulation of the temperature field of titania-bearing BF slag heated in a microwave oven

Considering the characteristic of selective heating of microwave and the treatment of titania-bearing BF slag, a mathematical model for the heating of a slag specimen is developed. The temperature distribution in the specimen is studied by numerical simulation. The temperature in the center of the cylindrical slag specimen is the highest and the temperature decreases when the radius increases rapidly. In this case, the temperature rising rate decreases with heating time rapidly, and it tends to zero when the heating time is up to 150 s.     

Synthesis of WC powder through microwave heating of WO3-C mixture

A simple, easy, and low-cost process for the fabrication of tungsten carbide (WC) powder through microwave heating of WO₃-C mixtures was developed. Thermodynamic calculations and experimental investigations were carried out for WO₃-C and W-C systems, and a formation mechanism was proposed. In the results, for the synthesis of WC, the use of over stoichiometric amount of C together with a specially assembled experimental setup (which effectively retains heat in the system) is necessary. The WC powder is successfully obtained by heating WO₃:5C mixture for 900s in a domestic microwave oven.     

Synthesis of WC powder through microwave heating of WO_3–C mixture

A simple,easy,and low-cost process for the fabrication of tungsten carbide(WC) powder through microwave heating of WO_3–C mixtures was developed. Thermodynamic calculations and experimental investigations were carried out for WO_3–C and W–C systems,and a formation mechanism was proposed. In the results,for the synthesis of WC,the use of over stoichiometric amount of C together with a specially assembled experimental setup(which effectively retains heat in the system) is necessary. The WC powder is successfully obtained by heating WO_3:5C mixture for 900 s in a domestic microwave oven.     

Accelerated carbonation and leaching behavior of the slag from iron and steel making industry

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and steelmaking slag have been used as a raw material for cement production or as an aggregate to make concrete, which contribute aluminum, calcium, iron, and silicon oxides. The suitability of the slag for a particular application depends on its reactivity, cost, availability, and its influence on the properties of the resulting concrete. For the interest of durability studying of concrete in the presence of slag, the accelerated carbonation products and leaching behavior of the slag and Portland cement (PC) were studied. The experimental results confirmed that the slag was more resistant to carbonation compared to PC. The carbonation degree of GGBFS reduced by 17.74%; and the carbonation degrees of steelmaking slags reduced by 9.51%-11.94%. Carbonation neutralized the alkaline nature of the hydrated pastes and gave rise to the redox potential of the leachate slightly (30-77 mV). The carbonation also increased the release of most of the elements presented, except for calcium, to the aqueous environment. It is concluded that blend cements (PC plus slag) have economical advantages and better durability compared to PC,     

Accelerated carbonation and leaching behavior of the slag from iron and steel making industry

Ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS)and steelmaking slag have been used as a raw material for cement production or as an aggregate to make concrete,which contribute aluminum,calcium,iron,and silicon oxides.The suitability of the slag for a particular application depends on its reactivity,cost,availability,and its influence on the properties of the resulting concrete.For the interest of durability studying of concrete in the presence of slag,the accelerated carbonation products and leaching behavior of the slag and Portland cement(PC)were studied.The experimental results confirmed that the slag was more resistant to carbonation compared to PC.The carbonation degree of GGBFS reduced by 17.74%;and the carbonation degrees of steelmaking slags reduced by 9.51%-11.94%.Carbonation neutralized the alkaline nature of the hydrated pastes and gave rise to the redox potential of the leachate slightly(30-77 mV).The carbonation also increased the release of most of the elements presented,except for calcium,to the aqueous environment.It is concluded that blend cements(PC plus slag)have economical advantages and better durability compared to PC.     

The fate of injectant coal in blast furnaces: The origin of extractable materials of high molecular mass in blast furnace carryover dusts

The aim of the work was to investigate the fate of injectant coal in blast furnaces and the origin of extractable materials in blast furnace carryover dusts. Two sets of samples including injectant coal and the corresponding carryover dusts from a full sized blast furnace and a pilot scale rig have been examined. The samples were extracted using 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent and the extracts studied by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The blast furnace carryover dust extracts contained high molecular weight carbonaceous material, of apparent mass corresponding to 10⁷?10⁸ u, by polystyrene calibration. In contrast, the feed coke and char prepared in a wire mesh reactor under high temperature conditions did not give any extractable material. Meanwhile, controlled combustion experiments in a high-pressure wire mesh reactor suggest that the extent of combustion of injectant coal in the blast furnace tuyeres and raceways is limited by time of exposure and very low oxygen concentration. It is thus likely that the extractable, soot-like material in the blast furnace dust originated in tars is released by the injectant coal. Our results suggest that the unburned tars were thermally altered during the upward path within the furnace, giving rise to the formation of heavy molecular weight (soot-like) materials.     

氧化对含钛高炉渣含钛相演变规律的影响

氧化条件下含钛高炉渣中含钛矿相的改变是含钛高炉渣综合利用的关键.通过扫描电子显微技术、X射线能谱分析、X射线物相分析和图像分析等手段,对氧化前的含钛高炉渣及其氧化改性后渣的形貌像进行分析.结果表明,氧化后渣中含钛相的形貌、成分和相结构等发生变化;钛的赋存状态也发生相应的改变,渣中攀钛透辉石和富钛透辉石几乎消失,渣中弥散分布的钛组分大部分转移到钙钛矿相,而且实现长大和粗化.     

真空碳热还原酸浸含钛高炉渣制备TiC分析

含钛高炉渣中含有20%~30%的TiO_2,是一种附加值较高的二次资源,但在综合利用过程中存在氧化物还原难度大,硅钛难分离,二次污染严重等问题。基于热力学理论基础,采用真空碳热还原联合酸浸工艺处理含钛高炉渣制备TiC。结果表明:真空有助于钛氧化物彻底还原,可实现渣中硅钛彻底分离,减少酸耗量,降低二次污染。真空碳热还原联合酸浸工艺处理含钛高炉渣(TiO_2含量23%左右)制备TiC的最佳条件为:炉渣粒度200目,还原温度1 673K,渣碳质量比100∶38。     

含钛复合矿选择性提取制备钛合金

采用固体透氧膜（solid oxygen-ion membrane,SOM）熔盐电解法,对含钛复合矿直接脱氧并选择性提取钛合金.经过X-射线衍射（X-ray diffraction, XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope, SEM）和能量分数X-射线（energy dispersive X ray, EDX）分析,结果表明：从含钛高炉渣中可以直接提取出Ti5Si3合金粉末,并可有效去除金属杂质Ca,Mg,Al;从钛铁矿中可以直接提取出TiFex合金.最后,对电解脱氧过程进行讨论分析.     

钛氧化物还原与钛渣变稠

采用攀钢高炉现场渣经过还原,获得具有一定钛氧化物还原度的炉渣试样,进一步测定样品的粘度和熔化性温度。随着钛氧化物还原度的提高,炉渣的粘度和熔化性温度总体呈上升趋势。用矿相显微镜研究了炉渣的显微结构前用图象分析仪对渣中TiC、TiN进行了定量研究。结果表明,高钛型高炉渣的变稠还与钛氧化物还原生成的TiC、TiN数量有关。因此高炉冶炼过程中用钛氧化物还原度作为判断和控制钛渣变稠的指标能更准确地反映高炉过程特点。     

由含钛高炉渣合成复合肥料及甜菜栽培实验研究

以含钛高炉渣为原料,采用加热法制备肥料,以提高其溶解性能,使其中的营养元素转化为易被植物吸收利用的形式,并通过栽培实验研究了肥料对甜菜性状、产量、含糖率和大量元素含量的影响.结果表明,炉渣中Mg,Ti,Fe的溶出率分别为88%,84%和75%,肥料中可被植物有效利用的元素有氮、硅、硫、钙、镁、铁和钛.该肥料可以使甜菜的株高、块根长度、叶片鲜重和叶绿素含量明显增加;使甜菜亩产量增加22.03%,含糖率增加15.57%,亩产糖量增加41.03%,说明该肥料对甜菜的生长有促进作用.     

微波辐射加热下高炉铝酸钙炉渣的浸出性能

研究了微波辐射加热条件下高炉铝酸钙渣的浸出过程·考察了微波辐射加热下,微波辐射功率、浸出用液的Na2OC质量浓度、液固比等对炉渣浸出反应的影响,并与传统加热浸出进行了比较·结果表明,氧化铝浸出率和反应体系的温度随着微波辐射功率的提高而增加·在温度未达到溶液沸点之前,反应体系为非恒温反应过程·微波辐射浸出与传统加热浸出相比较,微波辐射加热下炉渣中氧化铝浸出速率较传统加热方式浸出快得多,在氧化铝浸出率相同的前提下,微波浸出可降低浸出用液的Na2OC质量浓度,缩短浸出时间·     

碳氮化含钛高炉渣对铁沟捣打料抗氧化性及抗渣性的影响

测定碳氮化处理后含钛高炉渣的熔化特性,并研究在高炉铁沟捣打料中加入碳氮化含钛高炉渣后对材料抗氧化性及抗渣性的影响。结果表明,含钛高炉渣经碳氮化处理后,渣中主要的矿物相为氮化钛或碳氮化钛和钙镁黄长石或钙铝黄长石,渣中相的组成和含量受还原温度影响较大,随着渣的还原温度升高,还原渣的熔点呈上升趋势;将还原渣引入到高炉铁沟捣打料中,部分或完全替代碳化硅原料,可明显提高捣打料的抗氧化性,最佳的渣加入量为7%,过多将会导致捣打料抗氧化性减弱;因Ti(C,N)具有优良的抗渣性能,碳氮化含钛高炉渣的引入不影响高炉铁沟捣打料的抗渣性。     

Carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore through conventional heating and microwave heating

For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn, the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated. The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties. The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating. The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating. The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed. The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn. The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of Mn O to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.     

高钛型高炉渣流变特性模拟实验

高钛型高炉渣流变特性是影响钒钛磁铁矿高炉冶炼的重要因素,其对炉渣的排放、渣铁分离,甚至炉缸的寿命有重要作用.该研究采用高浓度的丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)悬浮液模拟高钛型高炉渣体系,用NXS-11A型同轴圆筒旋转黏度计测量其表观黏度,研究了温度、颗粒体积分数及颗粒粒度等因素对悬浮液表观黏度的影响.结果表明:温度和颗粒体积分数对悬浮液的表观黏度影响明显,颗粒粒度对悬浮液表观黏度影响较弱.在较宽的颗粒浓度范围内悬浮液符合Bingham塑性体,并得到了表观黏度与温度和体积分数的二元函数关系式.