强发射电流反铁电冷阴极材料的实验研究

采用固态烧结工艺制备了位于反铁电/铁电相界附近的PbLa(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3(PLZST)反铁电陶瓷样品.通过测定样品在快速单脉冲电压激励下的电子发射特性,得到了激励电压对发射电流的影响规律,发射电流随激励电压增加而增加,当激励电压大于1.5 kV时,发射电流趋于饱和.在单脉冲激励下进行电子发射实验,得到如下结果:在激励电压为800 V、抽取电压为0 V的条件下,发射电流密度为1.27 A/cm2;当抽取电压增加到4 kV时,获得了1 700 A/cm2的大发射电流密度.研究结果表明,室温下PLZST的反铁电陶瓷可在较低激励电压下实现电子发射,发射电流密度大,能够工作于4 Pa的低真空环境中.     

液态金属Ga离子源发射体针尖温度的测量

液态金属离子源是由场致发射理论和电气流体力学理论相结合而发展起来的一种高亮度离子源。在发射体针尖端顶部曲率半径为微米数量级的发射体上,浸润上液态金属,在电场作用下,尖顶处的液态金属膜发生畸变,若电场足够强,液态金属就会发射出离子,而源池中的液态金属便会沿着发射体的针杆流到尖顶以维持连续发射。Taylor指出在发射体尖端上的液态金属同时受到两种力的作用:一是静电力作用;二是表面张力作用,这两种力的作用方向相反,当两者达到平衡时,在针尖端点处形成一个顶角为98.6°的圆锥体,这就是离子发射区,称为Taylor锥。它的形成是液态金属离子源稳定发射的关键,由于液态金属离子源(LMIS)发射体针尖非常细小,用一般的测量方法是无法准确测量针尖温度的,通常人们只能估计针尖最佳温度值为500℃左右。作者采用模拟方法测量针尖温度。方法如下:对照实测的发射体,去除引出电极,Einzol电极和接收靶,制作一个尽量相似的模拟发射体,其针尖比实用针尖粗一些,便于点焊热电偶,整个装置置于一真空室内,给加热钨丝通不同电流,热平衡后,上下两端热电偶有对应输出电压,这样,我们只要知道实用发射体发射时针尾的热电偶输出值,便可得到针尖温度。     

O2吸附对纳米石墨片的场发射性能影响

采用（CVD）法制备了纳米石墨片,用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）和Raman光谱对其形貌和结构进行表征,发现其为花瓣片状结构,边缘具有突出尖端。利用二极结构分别测试了有无O2氛围下纳米石墨片场发射电流,发现O2吸附在纳米石墨片表面时,场发射电流明显减小,开启电场增大。在冷阴极方面有较好应用前景。     

强流中子管微波离子源不同等离子体离子腔的对比研究

微波耦合效率（Pi-Pr)/Pi是微波离子源的重要参数,它与磁场强度和分布关系密切。通过对比实验研究了不同等离子体离子腔尺寸、不同引入窗厚度时对微波耦合效率的影响,当离子腔尺寸为100mm,窗厚度为30mm时,耦合效率为100％（磁场分布在最佳模式）。此外还研究了耦合效率与真空度的关系,通过二极多孔引出电极引出系统引出离子,其引出电压为1．8kV,引出束流为30mA。     

纳米尖阵列屏蔽效应与发射面积耦合机理仿真

基于纳米尖阵列的场致发射放电结构是微纳电离式器件的核心,能有效降低放电电压,但同时也决定该放电结构的放电电流较小难以被精确感知。对纳米尖阵列电极的电场屏蔽效应和有效发射面积的优化,是提高放电强度的有效方法,对此,利用有限元方法对N_2-O_2空间的动态电场进行数值模拟,对纳米尖阵列在不同间距下的放电过程进行仿真计算。计算发现:在纳米尖阵列中,随着纳米尖间距的增加,尖端间的屏蔽效应逐渐减弱,最终趋于各尖端独立放电的情况;并通过不同间距下尖端动态放电过程中的电子密度分布情况,对屏蔽效应进行进一步验证和说明;最后,通过探究屏蔽效应与发射面积间耦合关系对放电电流的影响,发现在纳米尖阵列中,尖端间距与尖端高度之间存在最佳比例,使纳米尖阵列的放电电流最大。研究揭示常压微电晕放电阵列电极屏蔽效应与发射面积的耦合机理,可用于调控微纳场致发射电离器件的放电效应,进而为此类器件输出性能优化提供一定的理论指导。     

强发射电流反铁电冷阴极材料实验研究

采用固态烧结工艺制备了位于反铁电／铁电相界附近的PbLa（Zr，Sn，Ti）O3（PLZST）反铁电陶瓷样品．通过测定样品在快速单脉冲电压激励下的电子发射特性，得到了激励电压对发射电流的影响规律，发射电流随激励电压增加而增加，当激励电压大于1．5kV时，发射电流趋于饱和．在单脉冲激励下进行电子发射实验，得到如下结果：在激励电压为800V、抽取电压为0V的条件下，发射电流密度为1．27A／cm^2；当抽取电压增加到4kV时，获得了1700A／cm^2的大发射电流密度．     

定向多壁碳纳米管薄膜及其场致发射距离敏感特性

研究了定向生长的多壁碳纳米管薄膜场致发射的距离敏感特性,以改进现有场发射传感器中硅及金属针尖的性能。化学气相沉积方法制备的多壁碳纳米管薄膜表现出良好的尖端放电特性,其开启电场可至1.42 V/μm,阈值电场可至2.22 V/μm,通过计算得到的尖端电场增强因子可至4 034以上。随着发射间距的增加,场致发射电流非线性地降低,发射电流对发射间距的最大变化率为0.018 8μA/μm。通过拟合分析发现,场致发射电流随发射间距的变化基本符合Fow ler-N ordhe im关系,该特性可作为碳纳米管场致发射传感器的基本原理用于位移的检测。     

铝电解金属陶瓷惰性阳极气体及电解质流场仿真

采用有限体积法仿真计算惰性阳极气体运动及其带动下的电解质流动,并研究工艺及结构参数对阳极气体和电解质流场的影响。研究结果表明:电解质沿阳极中心呈对称循环流动,距离阳极气体越近,电解质流速越大;气体流速随气泡直径的增大而增加,电解质流速先下降后增加,气泡直径控制在3 mm为宜;若电流、电解温度和阳极浸入电解质深度增加,则气体的平均流速降低,电解质平均流速增加,应适当降低电流、电解温度和阳极浸入电解质深度;极距增加,则气体平均流速增加,电解质平均流速降低,可适当增加极距;阳极结构本身对流场结果有一定影响,若阳极半径增加,则气体的平均流速增加,电解质平均流速降低,合理的阳极倒角半径为35~40 mm。     

卧式车床顶尖淬火工艺试验研究

<正>卧式车床产品中常用的两种75°,90°顶尖材料为德国牌号86CrMoV,相当于国标GB/3314—91中的86CrMoV7。1卧车顶尖技术要求。(1)距离尖端24mm处硬度为HRC60+3;(2)距离尖端24mm与157mm(120mm)之间硬度为HRC50,外观无裂纹;(3)淬火前75°,90°顶尖状态为:珠光体等级为2级,网状碳化物等级为2～3级,均在合格范     

精密确定发射尖端场分布

本文提出一种精密确定场发射尖端附近电位分布的新方法——逐次放大逼近模拟法。对一实际场发射系统,一方面实测了场发射电流;另一方面则用该法对系统的电位分布,进行了四次放大逼近模拟测量。并由此计算出尖端的电流密度分布、发射面积和发射总电流。将两电流进行比较,结果是一致的。表明:用这种方法精密确定尖端场分布,特别是测定不规则表面的场分布是方便有效的。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.