不同煤岩组合体力学特性的数值模拟研究

为研究不同煤岩组合体力学特性和声发射特征,利用RFPA2D数值模拟软件,对不同围压和不同组合倾角条件下的泥岩煤组合体,粉砂岩煤组合体及石灰岩煤组合体进行了模拟。结果表明,单轴压缩时不同煤岩组合体应力应变曲线相似,其峰值强度均接近煤体的单轴抗压强度;煤岩体强度随着组合体间倾角的增大而减小,煤岩体中岩体的强度越高,煤岩体越早出现强度的迅速衰减;煤岩组合体的内摩擦角随着组合体倾角的增大而减小,而内聚力随着倾角增大先增大后减小;随着围压的升高,煤岩组合体的声发射振铃计数最大值经历了一个先减后增的过程,组合体中岩石强度越高,声发射最大振铃计数值越高。     

新延安隧道层状页岩力学性能试验研究

为研究新延安隧道层状页岩的力学特性和破坏特征，分析层理面不同倾角对岩石力学参数的影响，本文分别进行了不同层理角度下的室内单轴压缩、三轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验及数值单轴压缩和三轴压缩试验。通过室内试验分析，峰值强度随倾角增加呈先减小后增大的趋势；抗压强度呈“U”型趋势，弹性模量呈“V”型变化。通过大量数值模拟试验拓展了室内试验范围并分别拟合了抗压强度和弹性模量随倾角变化关系式；围压的增大弱化了页岩各向异性，但随着围压的不断增大弱化程度减小；黏聚力对层状页岩强度的弱化程度远远大于内摩擦角；抗拉强度随倾角的增大逐渐减小；倾角不同层状页岩的破坏模式也不同，单轴压缩时，0°为张拉破坏，30°~60°时发生由弱面控制的沿层理面发生的剪切滑移破坏，90°时产生劈裂张拉破坏。三轴压缩时不同层理面倾角的页岩试件主要发生剪切破坏。     

考虑围压影响下的层状岩体压缩特性

为了研究围压作用情况下的层状岩体压缩特性,采用数值方法建立分析模型,计算不同围压下岩体的应力和应变后发现,随着结构面倾角的增大,层状岩体的抗压强度呈现先减小后增大的趋势;结构面倾角为60°时试件的三轴抗压强度最小;层面倾角为90°时对应的三轴抗压强度最大;对于相同倾角的试件,三轴压缩强度与围压呈显著的线性关系。数值试验反应的岩石应力-应变曲线与试验得到的结果相符,随着围压的增大,试样的刚度不断增大,弹性模量与围压之间呈线性关系。     

三轴及孔隙水作用下煤的变形和声发射特性

在MTS815.02岩石力学试验系统上进行了煤的单轴压缩、三轴压缩及孔隙水作用下全应力应变试验及声发射检测.结果表明:煤的三轴强度、残余强度随围压增高而增大,随孔隙水压增高而降低;在低围压试验范围内,煤的弹性模量不随围压变化.煤在不同试验条件下呈现的声发射特征有显著差异性:单轴试验时各个阶段均有声发射事件产生,三轴及孔隙水试验条件下煤样屈服之前声发射事件较少,而屈服之后声发射趋于活跃;单轴试验时煤的声发射能量最大,随孔隙水压增大,煤样变形过程释放的声发射能量逐渐减小.     

煤岩三轴压缩损伤破坏声发射特征

在对MTS815岩石伺服试验系统通讯传输接口进行改造的基础上,实现了将检波器置于三轴室内的三轴压缩声发射试验,克服了检波器置于三轴室外壁无法监测到全面可靠声发射信号的弊端.煤岩三轴压缩声发射试验结果表明,与单轴压缩相比,围压增强了煤岩的整体性及刚度,使压密阶段声发射活动明显减弱.声发射振铃计数及能量出现最大值的时间均稍滞后于煤岩宏观破坏时刻,说明围压不但提高了其峰值强度,而且由于围压使煤岩内部裂隙的错动滑移受到抑制,提高了其峰后承载能力.振幅反映声发射的强度,三轴压缩条件下,轴向加载初期声发射振幅较小,宏观破裂前后出现大量高振幅声发射事件,残余塑性阶段仍然有较多振幅较大的声发射事件产生.声发射撞击计数率表征裂纹扩展的次数及速率,三轴压缩声发射撞击计数试验结果表明,弹塑性阶段是煤岩裂隙萌生扩展的主要阶段.岩石三轴压缩破坏声发射特征对于深刻理解矿山井下岩体破坏机理及采用微震监测技术预防相关动力灾害事故具有重要的理论及实际指导意义.     

双轴加卸载条件下含D型孔洞方块砂岩破坏特性

为了揭示深部岩体在复杂应力条件下的强度与破裂特性,构建含不同倾角的D型孔洞砂岩数值试样,并通过单轴压缩试验验证其可靠性;开展双轴加卸载条件下含D型孔洞砂岩破裂过程数值模拟研究,综合考察其力学参数特征以及裂纹扩展特性。研究结果表明：在单轴压缩下,试样峰值强度和弹性模量随孔洞倾角的增大先降低后升高然后再降低,试样最终出现由孔洞左右两侧2条裂纹不断延伸形成的斜向剪切破坏;对于同一倾角孔洞砂岩试样,试样的双轴压缩强度、双轴加卸载强度、单轴压缩强度依次递减;随孔洞倾角增大,试样双轴加卸载破坏时的侧向应力总体呈现下降趋势;D型孔洞倾角对试样的峰值强度影响较小,但对试样裂纹的起裂应力影响较明显;在双轴加卸载条件下,含D型孔洞砂岩的破坏形式较复杂多样,总体呈现出单向剪切、X形剪切和Y形剪切共3种剪切破坏模式。     

煤岩组合体性质与比例影响力学特性规律

为研究煤岩性质与比例对组合体力学特性和能量积聚规律的影响.选取细砂岩-煤、粗砂岩-煤、细砂岩-煤-粗砂岩3种组合体和3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3五种岩煤高度比,对不同组合体开展了单轴压缩实验研究.研究结果表明:岩煤高度比相同的组合体,细砂岩-煤组合体强度较大,冲击倾向性更强;随着岩煤高度比增大,组合体强度均有不同程度的减小,组合体冲击倾向性有所增强;岩煤高度比相同条件下,粗砂岩-煤组合体能量积聚较多,煤是组合体能量积聚的主要载体;随着岩煤高度比的增大,组合体峰前积聚能量均逐渐增多;探讨了组合体破坏过程的能量传递机制,煤组分破坏释放的能量传递给岩石组分,促使岩石发生破坏.研究结果揭示了坚硬顶板条件下厚煤易于发生冲击地压的机理,对于坚硬顶板型和煤体储能型的冲击地压研究具有一定参考价值.     

低渗透片麻岩渐进破裂过程中渗透规律研究

为研究低渗透硬岩渗透特性,以片麻岩为研究对象,采用多场耦合实验装置,开展不同围压、孔隙压力作用下岩石三轴压缩试验,分析了岩石渐进破裂过程中渗透率随围压、孔隙压力的变化规律,以及岩石渐进破裂过程不同阶段围压和孔隙压力对于片麻岩渗透率的影响程度.结果表明:岩石渐进破坏过程中,渗透率呈先减小后增加的变化趋势,在峰值强度附近渗透率出现突增;在轴压和孔隙压力一定时,随着围压增加渗透率逐渐减小,在裂纹非稳定扩展阶段和峰后残余阶段随着围压增加渗透率减小最明显;在轴压和围压一定时,随着孔隙压力增加渗透率略有增加,在裂纹非稳定扩展阶段随着孔隙压力增加渗透率增加最明显;高围压下试件内部会产生压缩带,压缩带会减弱孔隙压力对渗透率的影响;量化给出了渗透率随围压、孔隙压力变化的关系.     

冻结条件下岩石强度特性的试验

随着寒区或特殊施工环境条件下基础设施建设的需要,人们越来越发现有必要对冻结岩石力学问题进行深入的研究。以从胡家河矿井筒冻结现场选取煤岩及砂岩2种具有代表性的岩样,在MTS815实验机上进行不同围压及不同温度条件下的单轴及三轴压缩实验,分析煤岩及砂岩在相同围压不同温度条件下及相同温度不同围压条件下的强度特性,并对2种不同岩样的同一性和差异性进行了比较研究,推导了含温度因子的冻结岩石非线性破坏准则。为低温条件下岩石力学特性研究提供参考。     

充填体–围岩组合体三轴力学行为数值模拟试验分析

分析充填体与围岩相互作用机理是地下矿山充填采场稳定性评价关键。以空场嗣后充填采场为物理原型,将充填体与围岩协同考虑,概化出了充填体-围岩组合体实验室尺度模型,基于RFPA3D构建了具有一个粗糙接触面、两种灰砂配比、四个接触面倾角和三种围压的充填体-围岩组合体三轴压缩试验数值分析模型,系统分析了组合体的三轴应力应变曲线、强度、破坏模式、破坏过程与声发射演化规律,并通过组合体静力学分析模型和文献对比方法验证了结果的可靠性。研究结果表明,充填体-围岩组合体在三轴压缩下的变形、强度特征和破坏模式与接触面倾角、围岩和灰砂配比有关联关系;应力-应变曲线可分为压实、弹性、屈服、应变软化和残余应力五个阶段,不同阶段的声发射特征变化明显;充填体-围岩组合体三轴抗压强度随围压的增加呈线性增加;当接触面倾角为45°和60°时,组合体破坏发生在接触面和充填体区域。当接触面倾角为75°和90°时,充填体、接触面和围岩区域均有破坏。研究结论可为地下充填采场的稳定性分析提供理论依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to