镍对奥贝球铁中上贝氏体第一阶段转变动力学的影响

本文定量地讨论了镍含量与奥贝球铁中上贝氏体第一阶段转变时间的关系，研究了镍对上贝体转变孕育期、奥氏体化开始温度和残余奥氏体中含碳量的影响；揭示了镍及其偏析在上贝氏体第一阶段转变中的作用。结果表明：随着镍含量的增加，上贝氏体第一阶段转变速度、奥氏体化开始温度和残余奥氏体中的含碳量降低。当镍含量超过２％时，第一阶段转变速度显著减慢。镍的偏析使得奥贝球铁基体中上贝氏体转变速度不一致，造成组织不均匀；镍…     

含氮不锈钢凝固模式及显微组织研究

研究了四种不同N含量的18Mn18Cr N不锈钢的凝固模式、显微组织和元素分布.结果表明:N含量影响18Mn18Cr N合金系的凝固模式和显微组织.氮的质量分数由0.07%增加至0.72%时,实验钢的凝固模式由F模式转变为A模式,显微组织由铁素体和奥氏体魏氏两相组织转变为铁素体和奥氏体两相组织以及单相奥氏体组织.N含量影响奥氏体相形貌,随N含量增加,奥氏体由板条状、针状转变为枝晶间和等轴状.枝晶间和等轴状奥氏体晶粒中存在褶皱形貌,且随着氮含量增加,褶皱数量增多.褶皱的产生与凝固过程中奥氏体相内部Fe、Mn、Cr元素的偏析有关,且该凝固偏析被保留至室温组织中.     

含锡不锈钢溶质偏析模型计算

结合微观偏析模型及Thermo-calc软件,考虑了Mn S的析出,用微观偏析理论研究了含锡铁素体不锈钢中溶质的偏析行为.主要讨论了铁素体不锈钢中C,Mn,S,P,Cr在凝固过程中的偏析程度,研究了溶质偏析对零强度温度(ZST)、零塑形温度(ZDT)的影响规律.分析了锡在铁素体钢和低碳钢中偏析行为的差异,解释了低碳钢的热加工塑形凹槽现象,理论分析了微量元素对热塑性的影响.结果表明,Sn的凝固偏析比远大于除P,S外的其他元素,Mn对S元素凝固偏析有抑制作用.锡为易偏析元素,其在奥氏体相中的凝固偏析比大于在铁素体相中的偏析比.     

电磁场作用下钢基自生复合材料C、Mn元素偏析及凝固组织

研究了电磁场对团球γ (Fe，Mn)3C共晶体增强奥氏体钢基自生复合材料(EAMC)中C、Mn元素的偏析及凝固组织的作用．结果表明，电磁场促进C、Mn元素的偏析；电磁场作用后，EAMC组织中的团球共晶体体积分数增加，在奥氏体基体中呈弥散分布；另外，在基体内出现内生的奥氏体晶粒，这是由于电磁搅拌作用下，初生奥氏体晶粒在发展过程中分枝断裂所致．运用电磁场理论与非平衡凝固理论分析了电磁场对EAMC组织影响的机制：电磁场作用的热与搅拌效应可以减小溶质的有效分凝系数keff,为初生奥氏体(γ-Fe)枝晶的充分分枝提供了时空条件以及热力学与动力学条件，有利于团球共晶体的生成与体积分数的增加．     

微观偏析模型在碳钢内裂纹敏感性分析中应用

研究了微观偏析的理论模型对碳钢连铸过程中内裂纹的敏感性，模型中考虑了铁素全凝固向奥氏体凝固的转化过程，以及ＭｎＳ的析出，主要讨论了钢中Ｃ，Ｍｎ，Ｓ，Ｐ对凝固过程中晶间偏析、零强度温度、零塑性温度的影响。     

Ni—Cr—Co基高温合金中微量元素镁的偏析规律

应用俄歇能谱仪(AES)研究了Ni—Cr—Co基高温合金中微量Mg的偏析规律。结果表明,偏析于晶界的Mg具有平衡偏析的特性;同时Mg的这种偏析在900℃附近速度最快。分析认为,这是由于偏析热力学和动力学共同控制的结果,也与该合金中碳化物M_6C在晶界上析出有内在联系。研究中还发现,Mg在晶界上分布是不均匀的,且这种不均匀性随时效时间的延长而增加。 研究中还应用透射电镜能谱(TEM)分析了Mg的分布,得到与AES类似的结果,进一步验证Mg在奥氏体晶界偏析的上述特性。     

轧制条件对消除特厚钢板中心偏析和中心疏松的影响

为了确定特厚板心部质量改善的轧制工艺,制定了传统方法和新型方法生产100mm厚钢板的轧制工艺规程,通过分析低倍、显微组织和夹杂物成分,研究了粗轧、精轧、轧制速度对中心偏析和中心疏松的影响。结果表明：探伤不合的特厚钢板中心存在P和S的偏析,间有氧化铝、硅酸盐和MnS夹杂物;粗轧阶段新型轧制方法对应变积累奥氏体有叠加效应,该叠加效应对消除中心偏析和中心疏松更加有利;精轧阶段的多道次、长时间轧制有利于中心偏析和中心疏松的消除;形状比在0.5~1.0时,采用低速率轧制有利于消除中心偏析和中心疏松;消除中心偏析和中心疏松的临界条件为形状比大于0.518,采用形状比制定轧制规程,比采用道次压下率对消除中心偏析和中心疏松更有效。     

GH128铸态合金中硼的分布

采用高分辨率的径迹显微照相技术，研究了GH128铸态合金中硼的偏析和在均匀化、正火、调质热处理过程中硼分布的变化，并且分析了硼含量、加入稀土元素以及合金中Mo等元素对硼分布的影响．硼在铸态合金中有明显的偏析现象，并随着硼含量的增加而偏析加剧，经过常规的均匀化处理之后，铸态合金中硼分布状态受Mo偏析的影响非常显著．在一定的条件下，硼相沿着奥氏体的特定结晶学平面析出，或结晶界形成粗大连续网状的硼相，从而导致沿晶界的脆性断裂，实验表明稀土元素有保护硼的良好作用．     

球铁枝晶中硅锰元素偏析行为的研究

采用着色腐蚀法，借助电子探针定量分析了Ｓｉ、Ｍｎ元素在球铁枝晶中的分布特征及其偏析行为，以及碳当量、壁厚对Ｓｉ、Ｍｎ元素偏析行为的影响。结果表明：Ｓｉ在枝晶中的偏析系数ＫＳｉＳ和分配系数ＫＳｉ均大于１，而Ｍｎ的偏析系数ＫＭｎＳ和分配系数ＫＭｎ均小于１；Ｓｉ在奥氏体枝晶晶粒内分布具有一定的空间几何对称性，沿径向呈阶梯形分布特点；在Ｓｉ平均含量不变和试样壁厚相同的情况下，随着碳当量的增大，Ｓｉ、Ｍｎ元素在枝晶中的分配系数基本保持不变。     

一种无镍奥氏体不锈钢的组织与性能

对用中频感应炉熔炼，电渣二次重溶工艺制备的Fe-Cr-Mn-C-N无镍奥氏体不锈钢进行了组织与性能测试。结果表明，该钢为单相奥氏体，平均晶粒直径为85μn，钢中成分均匀，未发现元素偏析；该钢具有较好的强度和韧性：σb=1205MPa，σ0.2=632MPa，δ5=39％，HV=296。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to