基于岩石物理模型的页岩气储层横波速度估算方法

页岩的微观结构相对于常规储层更加复杂,目前大多数应用于估算横波速度的岩石物理模型仅适用于各向同性岩石。考虑页岩储层中粘土颗粒的定向分布和水平缝引起的各向异性,本文综合自相容近似(SCA)、微分等效介质模型(DEM)、Backus平均和Brown-Korringa方程,构建了一种适用于页岩的各向异性模型;然后将矿物组分、孔隙度和孔隙纵横比等代入到所建立的各向异性模型中,即可获得相应的横波速度。岩样测试数据和测井数据的计算结果表明,利用该模型估算页岩的横波速度与实测数据吻合得很好,与各向同性有效介质模型相比具有更高的精度。     

Effective stress law for anisotropic double porous media

An effective stress law is derived analytically to describe the effect of pore (fracture pore and matrix-block pore) fluid pressure on the linearly elastic response of anisotropic saturated dual-porous rocks, which exhibit anisotropy. For general anisotropy the difference between the effective stress and the applied stress is not hydrostatic simply multiplied by Biot coefficient. The effective stress law involves four constants for transversely isotropic response;these constants can be expressed in terms of the moduli of the single porous material, double porous material and of the solid material. These expressions are simplified considerably when the anisotropy is structural rather than intrinsic, i.e. in the case of an isotropic solid material with an anisotropic pore structure. In this case the effective stress law involves grain bulk modulus, four moduli and two compliances of the porous material for transverse isotropy. The law reduces, in the case of isotropic response, to that suggested by Li Shuiquan (2001). And reduction to the single-porosity (derived analytically by Carroll (1979)) is presented to demonstrate the conceptual consistency of the proposed law.     

基于双孔模型的含流体各向异性介质地震波场数值模拟

裂缝的存在是诱导地下介质产生各向异性的主要原因,而裂缝中的流体则能够对地震波产生十分明显的能量衰减。本文基于双重孔隙介质理论,对含流体各向异性介质的地震响应特征进行了数值模拟,发现双孔介质的各向异性与介质的渗透率、裂缝密度、有效压力和频率均有重要联系。基于衰减各向异性理论,推导了含流体各向异性介质二维三分量应力-应变关系,结合旋转交错网格有限差分法,通过数值模拟给出了双孔介质中地震波的传播规律,结果表明裂缝密度的增大能够显著地增强介质的各向异性,使得q P波和快慢q S波垂直或平行于裂缝面的波前面均更接近椭圆,且流体的存在能够对q P和q S波相速度造成较为显著的衰减。     

各向异性耦合量子位的几何相位

对于各项异性耦合的两个量子位,当外加磁场缓慢变化时,计算了该体系的几何相位.结果表明,各向异性对于几何相位有显著的影响,这使得几何相位与磁场各分量形成的立体角之间的关系不再成立.并且各向异性耦合还可以使在各向同性耦合情况下几何相位为0状态的几何相位不为0.     

BEM Analysis of Wave Propagation in a Water-Filled Borehole in an Anisotropic Solid

This paper describes a time-domain boundary element method developed to analyze the interactions of acoustic and elastic waves near the interfaces between water and an anisotropic elastic solid. Two models are analyzed with one being the interface between two half spaces of fluid and solid and the other being a fluid region sandwiched by half space domains of anisotropic elastic solids. Both monopole and dipole point sources are used to generate an initial pressure wave in the fluid. Some snapshots of the transient wave behavior near the fluid-solid interfaces are given. The effect of the anisotropy in the solid on the pressure waveforms in the fluid is discussed. The numerical results allow detailed arrival identification and interpretation of acoustic and elastic waves propagating along the fluid-solid interfaces.     

VTI孔隙地层喷射流机制对井孔导波频散与衰减的影响

采用同时考虑Biot流动和喷射流动机制的横向各向同性BISQ模型模拟横向各向同性孔隙地层, 理论求解该地层中多极源激发的裸眼井孔导波声场, 通过数值求解井孔复频散方程的复根获得最低阶导波的相速度和衰减系数, 并考察了特征喷射流对充流体井孔中Stoneley波和弯曲波传播的影响. 结果表明: 考虑喷射流机制后,  喷射流变化不影响Stoneley波和弯曲波的频散, 但衰减均显著增大; 其衰减随水平和垂直特征喷射流长度变化的趋势相反, 其中弯曲波的衰减特性在低频段和高频段的变化规律还发生反转.      

各向异性土体强度表述方法的研究

对各向异性土体的强度条件研究建立一种新的表述方法。借鉴复合材料力学中矩阵转换的数学方法,将各向异性砂样的柔度矩阵(或刚度矩阵)转化为各向同性等效参考砂的柔度矩阵(或刚度矩阵),同时导出与其相当的应力状态的表达式,以使对各向异性岩土材料的分析可转换为对各向同性状态进行分析,由此可将以前基于各向同性假设的强度条件能够用于各向异性土体。将计算结果与已有实验结果作了比较,发现两者具有较好的一致性。     

各向异性孔隙地层随钻声波测井理论模拟及应用

储层中普遍存在的各向异性和渗透性均会对弹性波传播产生影响。为满足油气资源勘探需求,对复杂储层中各向异性与渗透率的测量评价已逐渐从常规的电缆测井(wireline, WL)发展为随钻声波测井(acoustic logging while drilling, ALWD)。建立随钻声波测井模型,以Biot理论为基础研究了弹性波在横观各向同性孔隙地层中的传播机制,并对含有钻铤的充液井孔内各部分声场进行分析,导出了横观各向同性孔隙地层随钻声波测井的声场表达式。研究了随钻多极子声场模式波的频散特征。结合时间-慢度相关法分析了阵列波形中地层波和钻铤波的到时及慢度特征。结果表明：随钻斯通利波和螺旋波速度频散曲线对地层各向异性和渗透率有不同程度的灵敏度,可用于实际资料的反演,并在此基础上处理了实钻井声波数据,对地层渗透率和各向异性进行了综合评价。研究成果可作为复杂介质地层中随钻声波测井解释的理论基础。     

地应力各向异性致密砂岩地层声反射测井正演模拟

为研究地应力各向异性对偶极子声反射测井中井外地质构造处形成的反射波的影响,以致密砂岩为例,采用时域有限差分方法,结合混合完全匹配层(Hybrid-PML)吸收边界,利用地应力各向异性模型建立不同方位角反射界面的声反射测井模型,正演模拟研究各向同性和地应力各向异性致密砂岩地层中的正交偶极子声反射测井,通过对比反射波分析地应力各向异性对偶极子声反射测井的影响。结果表明:对于偶极反射波,地应力各向异性导致横波速度增大以及界面处反射系数减小,因此SV-SV反射波到时和幅度减小;在中短源距范围内,地应力各向异性也会导致SH-SH反射波到时和幅度的减小,但在长源距条件下,地应力各向异性地层存在的非均质性使得各向异性模型中SH-SH反射波的幅度与各向同性模型基本一致。可见,在地层剖面的偏移成像中,需要考虑地应力各向异性对偶极反射波的影响。     

压电晶片激发理想流体中各向异性板的泄漏Lamb波

基于流固耦合理论,采用有限元方法,建立压电激发理想流体中各向异性板的泄漏Lamb波的数值模型.数值模拟研究单向纤维增强复合材料中的泄漏Lamb波的色散和衰减特征,得到了全波场数值解,进而分析了不同激励频率,不同纤维取向对波形的影响.结果表明:理想流体中各向异性板的泄漏Lamb波可存在非色散,衰减较小的So模态和色散,衰减较大的Ao模态;通过选择激励频率可以选择合适的传播模态.材料纤维取向不同会影响泄漏波形的传播速度以及色散和衰减特性.数值模拟建立了激励源、材料参数以及相应波形之间的定量关系,可为泄漏Lamb波技术应用于NDE和NDT提供理论参考.     

Fine-scale heterogeneity in the Earth's inner core

The seismological properties of the Earth's inner core have become of particular interest as we understand more about its composition and thermal state. Observations of anisotropy and velocity heterogeneity in the inner core are beginning to reveal how it has grown and whether it convects. The attenuation of seismic waves in the inner core is strong, and studies of seismic body waves have found that this high attenuation is consistent with either scattering or intrinsic attenuation. The outermost portion of the inner core has been inferred to possess layering and to be less anisotropic than at greater depths. Here we present observations of seismic waves scattered in the inner core which follow the expected arrival time of the body-wave reflection from the inner-core boundary. The amplitude of these scattered waves can be explained by stiffness variations of 1.2% with a scale length of 2 kilometres across the outermost 300 km of the inner core. These variations might be caused by variations in composition, by pods of partial melt in a mostly solid matrix or by variations in the orientation or strength of seismic anisotropy.     

基于各向同性双孔隙度模型的各向异性岩石物理模型及其应用

为对各向异性孔隙介质进行储层参数评价和岩石性质预测，在各向同性双孔隙度（IDP）模型基础上建立了新的各向异性地层的岩石物理模型。新模型综合考虑了岩石速度的各向异性、岩石的泥质含量以及粘土颗粒等矿物在地层中不规则排列的影响，采用差分有效介质理论（DEM）与自适应近似理论（SCA）相结合的方法计算干岩样骨架的弹性模量，用Brown和Korringa模型计算流体驱替参数：现场应用结果表明，各向异性岩石物理模型的散射和测量误差非常小，应用效果明显优于IDP模型。     

双相介质中储层波场特征数值模拟研究

根据双相介质弹性波方程,并对弹性波方程进行分离得到了膨胀波方程。利用高阶差分对膨胀波方程进行数值模拟,边界处理采用完全匹配层的吸收边界条件,算法实现了任意高阶差分和自动加载边界条件的纵波方程正演模拟。计算结果表明,在双相各向同性介质中存在快纵波、慢纵波,两种纵波有明显的区别,快纵波的速度远大于慢纵波的速度。在分界面上,快纵波要产生透射快纵波、透射转换慢纵波,反射快纵波、反射转换慢纵波。慢纵波具有很强的衰减性,耗散系数越小,慢纵波越明显,反之亦然。该算法的高阶差分形式可以显著地降低数值频散,有效提高地震波正演计算的精度,适应性好,操作简便灵活。     

Inner-core shear-wave anisotropy and texture from an observation of PKJKP waves

Since the discovery of the Earth's core a century ago, and the subsequent discovery of a solid inner core (postulated to have formed by the freezing of iron) seismologists have striven to understand this most remote part of the deep Earth. The most direct evidence for a solid inner core would be the observation of shear-mode body waves that traverse it, but these phases are extremely difficult to observe. Two reported observations in short-period data have proved controversial. Arguably more successful have been studies of longer-period data, but such averaging limits the usefulness of the observations to reported sightings. We present two observations of an inner-core shear-wave phase at higher frequencies in stacked data from the Japanese High-Sensitivity Array, Hi-Net. From an analysis of timing, amplitude and waveform of the 'PKJKP' phase we derive constraints on inner-core compressional-wave velocity and shear attenuation at about 0.3 Hz which differ from standard isotropic core models. We can explain waveform features and can partially reconcile the otherwise large differences between core wavespeed and attenuation models that our observations apparently suggest if we invoke shear-wave anisotropy in the inner core. A simple model of an inner core composed of hexagonal close-packed iron with its c axis aligned perpendicular to the rotation axis yields anisotropy that is compatible with both the shear-wave anisotropy that we observe and the well-established 3 per cent compressional-wave anisotropy.     

各向异性介质中P波反射系数

分析了横向各向同性和方位各向异性介质的成因及其本构关系。由此讨论弹性波在这两种各向异性介质中的传播特点,并提出了表征各向异性程度的广义各向异性参数,这些参数既可表征横向各向同性介质的各向异性,也可表征方位各向异性介质的各向异性。讨论了两种各向异性介质中存在水平界面时的反射系数,并将横向各向同性介质中的反射系数公式推广到方位各向异性主轴上。根据算例修正了近似式,着重讨论和分析了这两种各向异性介质中的地震波反射振幅与炮检距的关系（ａｍｐｌｉｔｕｄｅｖｅｒｓｕｓｏｆｓｅｔ,ＡＶＯ）以及对实际勘探的影响和指导意义。     

典型地层的各向异性钻井特性

采用岩石可钻性方法描述地层的各向异性,并按地层各向异性的不同情况,将典型地层(包括正交各向异性地层和横观各向同性地层)划分为12类。在文献[10]的基础上,定义了两个地层特性参数,用来定量表达典型地层的各向异性钻井特性。通过地层特性参数的计算和分析,阐明了12类典型地层对井斜变化和方位漂移的影响规律,即其中大多数地层遵循“上倾规律”或“下倾规律”。     

VTI介质三维VSP多波联合叠前AVA岩性参数反演方法及应用

三维三分量(3D 3C) VSP属于地下地震勘探方法,三维三分量VSP地震资料合有深度和丰富的地层岩性信息,有地面地震不可比拟的优势.为了发挥和应用三维三分量VSP资料的优势,提高油气勘探的成功率,需要反演出准确的岩性及弹性参数,用于精确预测储层、识别流体性质.以各向异性介质(VTI)弹性波传播理论为基础,研究多波精确振幅特征方程(AVA),并在此基础上建立了三维各向异性介质VSP多波联合叠前AVA反演岩性参数理论和方法.该方法利用对3D 3C VSP资料处理的NMO道集,直接反演地层纵波速度、横波速度、密度及2个各向异性系数,在此基础上可进一步计算得到地层的弹性参数,这些参数对岩性及流体识别有重要作用.这套纵横波联合叠前反演方法适应直井及斜井3D 3C VSP资料,并经实际斜井3D 3C VSP资料处理,得到了与实际储层吻合的反演结果,证明了该方法的正确性和有效性.     

HTI介质的P波衰减特征分析及应用研究

本文依据Hudson模型假设,讨论了P波在HTI介质中的衰减特征,其大小可以用品质因子Q进行度量.通过分析得到了P波衰减与裂隙参数(裂隙密度、裂隙宽高比,等)、观测夹角及入射角之间的关系.从理论上分析了P波衰减与观测夹角之间的关系,认为沿裂隙走向会产生最大的衰减,并且推导了利用两条正交的测线确定裂隙走向的计算方法,为利用QVOA方法分析裂缝发育方向奠定了理论依据.     

粘弹性薄板弯曲问题的描述及其解法

通过引进“结构”函数，建立了各向异性粘弹性薄板准静态弯曲问题的边值问题，在各向同性情况下，讨论了变量分离的条件，针对两类特殊的边值问题，提出了相应的解法，并给出了两个具体问题的解析解。     

各向异性磁介质中传输线的自感

在已给出磁各向异性的毕奥－沙伐尔定律,以及由此而求出的各向异性磁介质中载流直导线的磁场的基础上,进一步求出在各向异性磁介质中两线式传输线和同轴电缆的分布电感。结果包含两种传输线在各向同性介质中的电感,具有较大的实用范围。