电涡流缓速器制动力矩的实时控制

为了使装有电涡流缓速器的车辆在下坡时能以稳定的速度行驶,以电涡流缓速器的制动力矩和励磁电流的关系为依据,应用脉宽调制(PWM)技术实现电涡流缓速器制动力矩的无级调节.分析了车辆下坡运行的工况,以车辆的速度和瞬时加速度产生的惯性力作为电涡流缓速器制动力矩的控制依据,提出了电涡流缓速器制动力的无级控制策略,并绘制了控制流程.利用实车的不同初始运行工况进行模拟,计算结果表明,对车辆电涡流缓速器制动力矩的实时控制能使车辆在坡道上以稳定的目标速度行驶.     

装用电涡流缓速器的汽车制动性能分析

为掌握汽车上装用电涡流缓速器的制动性能及其对汽车制动性能的影响，建立装用缓速器的汽车制动时动力学方程式；结合道路试验，从下坡能力和平路上的减速能力两个方面考察电涡流缓速器的制动效能；通过道路试验，考察在中、高车速下，电涡流缓速器对汽车紧急制动的影响；从理论上分析了装用电涡流缓速器后，理想的汽车前、后车轮制动力的分配曲线的改变情况及其在紧急制动时对汽车制动稳定性影响。     

电涡流缓速器优化设计与制动性能分析

文章在考虑去磁效应的基础上建立电涡流缓速器数学计算模型,采用涡流折算系数法求出闭合磁路磁感应强度,推导出电涡流缓速器电磁制动力矩表达式;在某汽车制动系统有限公司现有产品的基础上,将圆形极柱优化设计为扇形极柱,并利用Maxwell有限元仿真软件对不同长度扇形极柱的新型电涡流缓速器模型的制动力矩进行仿真分析;将最终确定的新型电涡流缓速器通过有限元仿真和台架实验与原产品进行对比验证。结果表明：新型电涡流缓速器与传统电涡流缓速器的制动扭矩在不同转速下变化的规律基本一致,制动性能有明显提升;仿真结果和实验结果最大误差小于5%,证明了新型电涡流缓速器的有效性和优化设计的正确性。     

电涡流缓速器的工作原理及使用情况

电涡流缓速器是利用电磁原理将行驶车辆减速的一种装置,由于其减速是非接触(无摩擦)式的,可使行驶车辆在减速过程中比较平稳,这不仅大大提高了行驶车辆的安全性,同时也大大提高了制动蹄片和轮毂的使用寿命,因此电涡流缓速器在发达国家的客车和货车上都得到了比较广泛的应用.文章结合电涡流缓速器在安徽安凯汽车股份有限公司引进技术生产的安凯HFF6120系列客车上的使用情况,简单地介绍了其工作原理和试验结果.     

特大型电动轮矿用自卸车联合制动特性研究

为了研究特大型电动轮矿用自卸车下坡联合制动时的制动特性,分析联合制动时电阻栅能耗制动及液压多片湿盘式制动器制动功率的分配,以湘电重装满载整车重量达520t的自卸车为研究对象,建立了自卸车电阻栅能耗制动及液压多片湿盘式制动器联合制动系统动力学模型,利用Mtlab/simulink对该自卸车在不同下坡坡道上的紧急联合制动进行了数值分析计算,获得制动特性曲线.结果表明:初速度为30 km/h时,在不高于10％的坡度下紧急制动距离不超过21 m;平均比制动力在不同坡道基本保持不变,最高值为0.35左右;后轮比制动力大于前轮比制动力,侧滑、跑偏的可能性大于转向失控的可能性;当满载重心向后轴移动时,平均比制动力保持不变,前后轮比制动力差距减小,可有效利用地面粘着力;电阻栅能耗制动与液压多片湿盘式制动器的平均制动功率之比约为2:3.研究表明该联合制动系统可有效减轻主制动器负荷,提高制动效能,延长主制动器使用寿命.     

基于虚拟线圈假设的涡流制动器制动力矩计算

针对现有涡流制动器制动力矩计算方法中包含经验系数,妨碍涡流制动器制动力矩的精确计算和产品性能提升的问题,在原有圆盘假设的基础上,将涡流作用区域圆盘内的闭合涡流圆环等效成电流为涡流有效值、匝数为1的虚拟线圈.在综合考虑涡流去磁效应的前提下,根据毕奥-萨伐尔定律,推导得到涡流制动器的气隙磁感应强度,并利用能量守恒法计算涡流制动器的制动力矩.以电涡流缓速器为例,对推导出的计算公式进行验证计算.结果表明:试验曲线与理论计算吻合较好,该制动力矩计算方法能够很好地体现涡流去磁效应对制动力矩的影响.     

车辆弯道制动工况下的动力学研究

本文分析了汽车弯道制动工况下的受力情况,并利用ADAMS/CAR模块建立了整车模型。对整车弯道制动工况进行了动力学仿真,分析了制动强度、前后制动力分配系数及质心位置等参数对车辆稳定性的影响程度。最后得到结论:分配到前轮的制动力应该比后轮大一些;车辆的质心不能太高;同时最好采用发动机前置,以使质心适当靠前。     

浅谈汽车辅助制动

本文以几种典型的汽车辅助制动装置(发动机排气辅助制动装置、液力缓速器、电涡流缓速器、永磁式缓速器、自励式缓速器)为例,介绍了与传统制动方式不同的另一种辅助制动系统的工作原理及使用等情况。     

摩擦式制动器与非接触轮边缓速器集成系统仿真分析

为了有效提高轿车制动效率,建立了摩擦式制动器与非接触轮边缓速器集成系统控制模型,获得了缓速器制动力矩和集成系统总制动力矩随车轮转动角速度的变化关系;提出了通过脉冲宽度调制调节缓速器线圈通电电流从而改变集成系统总制动力矩的方法。利用建立的系统控制模型和控制策略对汽车制动性能进行仿真。仿真和实例分析表明,与传统的制动系统相比,摩擦式制动器与非接触轮边缓速器集成系统使制动时间缩短3.7 s,制动距离减少76.8 m。     

基于减速度参数的电子制动力分配控制算法

基于两轮车辆模型分析了利用路面峰值附着系数的电子制动力分配系统(EBD)的工作原理,研究了路面附着系数与车轮峰值地面制动力的关系,以后轮最大峰值地面制动力为目标确定了制动力的分配系数.讨论了前轮或后轮达到峰值制动力时车辆减速度实际值与目标值的差异,提出了以车辆减速度和车轮减速度为参数的EBD控制算法,开发了相应的EBD控制流程.在自主研发的防抱制动系统(ABS)中进行了EBD功能集成测试,结果表明:前后轮同时达到峰值附着系数φp的制动力分配曲线与前后轮同时抱死的I曲线一致.一定载荷下,后轮制动力存在最大值,且存在较宽范围的φp,对应最大制动力变化不大,EBD能在ABS作用前有效调节后轮制动力.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.