绿片岩的单轴压缩各向异性蠕变试验研究

通过对锦屏二级水电站辅助交通洞的绿片岩单轴压缩蠕变特性试验,研究了轴向荷载方向与层理之间的不同关系对瞬时应变、应力应变关系、轴向应变速率、衰减蠕变持续时间和蠕变破坏机理的影响.研究结果表明:在相同低应力水平下,垂直于层理时的瞬时应变增量大于平行于层理时的瞬时应变增量,而在相同较高应力水平下垂直于层理时的瞬时应变增量小于平行于层理时的瞬时应变增量;同等应力水平条件下,垂直于层理时的轴向应变速率和衰减蠕变持续时间均小于平行于层理时的轴向应变速率和衰减蠕变持续时间.同时,当轴向荷载垂直或者平行于层理时,应力应变关系曲线均出现了压密、弹性变形、裂纹扩展和峰后破坏阶段,且蠕变破坏类型均属于脆性破坏.     

自然与饱水状态下深部斜长角闪岩蠕变特性

通过金川深部斜长角闪岩单轴压缩蠕变实验,选取典型蠕变曲线,发现该岩石黏弹性、黏塑性变形较瞬时变形偏小,卸载后弹性后效不显著.在5.1 MPa轴向应力下,自然状态的岩样近似纯弹性特征.饱水状态下岩样瞬时强度σ’b和长期强度σ’∝总体低于自然状态,且σ’∝已接近深部高地应力,因此,对于深部节理、裂隙很发育的岩体,应特别注意巷道排水,防止围岩因长期强度降低而导致巷道变形和破坏.自然与饱水状态下岩样瞬时弹性应变εme、瞬时塑性应变εmp随应力增大而增加,但增速逐渐放缓,饱水状态下塑性变形更显著;相同应力下,饱水状态岩样蠕变量大于自然状态,应变速率也总体快于自然状态,2种状态的蠕变速率在20～30 h时都逐渐稳定,且速率曲线随应力增大,微裂隙压密,彼此逐渐靠近,岩样处于相对硬化阶段;当轴向应力达到66.3 MPa后,饱水状态蠕变速率有相对加速趋势,速率曲线随应力增大先往左下移动,再朝右上移动,而自然状态蠕变速率曲线总体向右上移动.最后,通过蠕变数据分析,推导γ=ασk型经验方程,对蠕变试验数据进行回归拟合,拟合结果证明该蠕变经验模型的正确性.金川矿区斜长角闪岩蠕变实验研究为分析深部巷道该类围岩流变稳定性及支护方案优化等提供有效帮助.     

饱水状态下煤矿粉砂岩蠕变特性试验研究

为探究地下水对深部岩体蠕变力学特性的影响,利用ZYSS2000岩石高温高压蠕变仪对饱水状态下的煤矿深部粉砂岩开展单轴压缩蠕变试验。试验结果表明,煤矿粉砂岩在各级应力作用下,轴向和侧向蠕变曲线较为相似,主要表现为减速蠕变和等速蠕变,其中减速蠕变段历时较短,等速蠕变段历时较长;体积蠕变曲线表现出压缩向扩容转化的特征;随应力的逐级增大,煤矿粉砂岩的瞬时应变、蠕变应变及稳态蠕变速率整体呈增长趋势,但应力的增大对煤矿粉砂岩侧向变形的影响比轴向变形要大;粉砂岩蠕变过程中的等时应力-应变曲线,表明粉砂岩侧向的时效变形与非线性特性较轴向更明显。     

不同卸荷路径下大理岩破坏过程能量演化规律

为寻找破坏过程中能量的实时演化规律,对大理岩进行不同路径的加、卸载试验,探讨岩体轴向能量、实际吸收的总能量随应变的演化规律。研究结果表明:在不同应力路径下,岩样轴向能量随应变的增加而呈非线性增大,初期能量增长速率较小,随后速率慢慢增大,在达到岩样临界破坏点时,出现1个速率的拐点,随后增长速率趋于稳定;在不同应力路径下,岩样破坏的轴向能量-应变曲线与总能量-应变曲线都存在1个速率突然变化的拐点,轴向能量的拐点出现在对应应力-应变曲线的破坏处,而总能量的拐点出现在对应峰值处。围压的变化没有改变不同路径下岩样的轴向能量-应变曲线的形式,但在不同围压下,加轴压、卸围压路径的总能量-应变曲线呈现不同的形式。卸围压速率没有改变轴向能量与总能量曲线的形式,只是改变曲线在不同阶段的变化速率。围压的增大,不同路径下岩样的轴向能量与总能量差增大,而卸荷速率的影响正好相反。     

加卸载下原煤力学特性及渗透演化规律

基于自主研发的煤岩热流固耦合试验系统,在考虑实际开采方式的条件下,进行轴压升高和围压降低的加卸载试验,分析研究不同加卸载速率下原煤的力学特性和渗透演化规律.结果表明:加卸载过程中,轴向应力的加载速率越大,峰值应力附近的曲线平台越长,峰值应力、轴向应变和环向应变也越大,体应变则越小.不同加卸载速率比下含瓦斯煤变形模量均先迅速减小后缓慢减小,到破坏时再迅速降低,而后逐渐保持稳定趋势;在相同轴向应变时,加卸载速率比越小,煤样的变形模量越大.加卸载过程中,煤样的偏应力、渗透率与应变的关系可分为三个阶段:初始压密与弹性阶段、屈服破坏阶段和破坏后阶段.加卸载速率比越小,煤样达到峰值应力时,含瓦斯煤的渗透率和体积变形越大.     

板岩各向异性蠕变特性试验研究

利用RYL-600微机控制岩石剪切流变仪,对江西九江地区典型板岩进行单轴压缩蠕变试验,研究板岩内部固有各向异性对蠕变特性的影响。研究结果表明:板岩试样蠕变曲线均出现明显的瞬时弹性阶段、衰减蠕变阶段和稳态蠕变阶段,并未出现加速蠕变阶段,且试样在应力水平稳定的状态下突然发生破坏,表现出明显的脆性破坏特征;随着层理面倾角变化,蠕变破坏类型即剪切破坏和张拉破坏也发生变化;在初始应力水平下,层理面倾角为60°时的瞬时弹性应变最大,倾角为90°时的瞬时弹性应变最小,且随着应力水平大,瞬时弹性模量逐渐上升并趋于稳定,瞬时弹性应变则呈逐渐降低的趋势;蠕变速率随应力水平提高而逐渐增大,层理面倾角为60°的试样在高应力下出现最大蠕变速率。     

变加载方式灰岩蠕变试验研究

打破单轴压缩蠕变试验传统的加载方式,改变加载速率和荷载增量法进行单试件逐级增量加载。瞬时加载阶段的轴向应变有如下特征:第一阶段各级的轴向应变速率随荷载级别的增加而降低,且大于第二阶段和过渡阶段所有级别的轴向应变速率。岩石在整个蠕变试验过程中,瞬时应变以硬化机制占主导地位,蠕变应变时颗粒进行受力调整,且加载速率与受力调整时间呈负相关。基于经典的Nishihara模型,参考前人研究成果,建立了能同时体现瞬时蠕变、稳态蠕变和与损伤演化过程有关的加速蠕变三阶段的蠕变本构模型。     

不同应力路径下卸围压流变试验分析及模型辨识

以大岗山水电站坝基的辉绿岩为研究对象,进行σ1恒定卸围压和σ1-σ3恒定卸围压流变试验,分析2种不同应力路径下辉绿岩的流变变形特征.引入屈服接近度指标来评价卸围压流变过程中不同三向应力状态下岩样临近屈服破坏的程度,并以此作为试验曲线中等速蠕变和加速蠕变的区分标准.最后对Burgers模型进行参数变异处理.研究结果表明:在2种方式下和在卸围压过程中,岩样的横向变形都表现为侧向膨胀,但轴向变形规律并不相同:σ1恒定时轴向变形一直轴向压缩,而σ1-σ3恒定时先是有微小增大再逐渐转变为轴向压缩.这说明随着围压的不断卸载,岩体变形逐渐由弹性向塑性转变并最终破裂,线弹性理论已不再适用.加速蠕变阶段的串联黏滞系数出现了非线性交化,以此来描述加速蠕变.参数变异的Burgers模型可以描述岩体的减速、等速和加速蠕变阶段,拟合结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

端面约束对岩样全部变形特征的影响

利用编制的计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比的FISH函数,采用FLAC模拟了端面约束对含缺陷岩样剪切带花样、全部变形特征及侧向位移分布的影响。在峰值强度之前及之后,岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。计算表明,端面约束对岩样的破坏模式及剪切带倾角没有明显的影响,以致于不影响应力．轴向应变曲线及应力-侧向应变曲线软化段的斜率。端面光滑时剪切带的扩展速度及泊松比高于端面粗糙时。端面光滑时的应力一轴向应变曲线、应力·侧向应变曲线、侧向应变-轴向应变曲线及体积应变．轴向应变曲线均在端面粗糙时下方。端面光滑时的岩样失稳破坏前兆比端面粗糙时更明显。无论端面粗糙与否,岩样侧面上各节点水平位移分布都是不均匀的。通常,端面光滑时的最大侧向位移高于端面粗糙时。当轴向应变较高时,端面光滑时的侧向位移分布与端面粗糙时类似（端面上的节点除外）,这反映了类似的破坏模式。     

冻融循环条件下粗粒料变形特性试验研究

为揭示粗粒料在冻融环境与复杂应力条件下的变形特性，采用大型三轴压缩试验与蠕变试验研究了粗粒料在不同冻融循环次数、围压与应力水平下的变形特性与蠕变特性。试验结果表明，未冻融粗粒料的应力-应变曲线为应变硬化型曲线，在试验围压100～600 kPa范围内粗粒料剪切过程中均表现为剪胀性；冻融循环后初始弹性模量与破坏应力均呈下降趋势，200 kPa围压时，初始弹性模量降低20%,破坏应力降低37%,600 kPa围压时，初始弹性模量降低5%,破坏应力降低25%;冻融循环后粗粒料轴向蠕变应变随时间的发展为衰减型蠕变规律，轴向蠕变应变随冻融循环次数和应力水平的增大而逐渐增大，8次冻融循环后轴向蠕变应变明显增大；应力水平影响下的粗粒料蠕变时间曲线可采用指数函数形式表达。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.