微反应器中甲醇-水蒸气重整制氢三维模拟

为考察进口温度、速度和水醇比对微反应器中甲醇-水蒸气重整制氢过程的影响,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT中的通用有限速率模型对自行设计的平板微通道反应器中甲醇-水蒸气重整制氢进行了三维数值模拟.反应动力学采用甲醇分解和蒸气重整双速率幂函数模型.计算表明,在反应物进口速度为2.88 m/s、进口温度为493 K和水醇比为1.3的反应条件下,反应器出口转化率达79.8%.通过模拟可以看出微反应器能够在较大的反应物流量下保持较高的出口氢气含量和较高的甲醇转化率.     

平板微反应器内甲烷－湿空气催化重整的数值分析研究

建立了二维稳态多组分传输反应的模型,对平板微反应器中Rh催化剂涂层上甲烷-干、湿空气催化重整制合成气进行了数值计算,并分析了采用湿空气时反应通道长度和高度对重整性能的影响.结果表明:进口速度低于2 m/s时,采用湿空气可提高甲烷转化率和产氢率,反应器出口的温度降低以及减少积碳的发生;采用湿空气时,反应通道长度增大,甲烷的转化率提高,出口氢气含量增大,出口温度相应地降低;反应通道高度增大,甲烷的转化率降低,出口氢气的含量减少,出口温度升高.     

甲醇催化重整制氢反应器的二维模拟及管径的选取

以甲醇裂解和甲醇水蒸气重整制氢作为平行的独立反应,CO、CO2为关键组分,建立了甲醇催化重整制氢反应器的二维数学模型,用正交配置法计算了催化床内各组分浓度及床层温度随径向和轴向的分布。考察了反应管管径变化对反应器性能的影响。在整个床层催化剂装填量及反应操作条件均不变的情况下,反应管管径增加,催化床层的出口温度降低,径向温差加大,氢气的时空产率略有降低,但所需的反应管根数迅速减少。     

微通道内甲醇重整反应的LB方法

利用格子Boltzmann方法对微通道内甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应过程进行模拟,建立了双速率动力学平行反应机理的格子演化模型。分析了边界温度和进口流速的变化对甲醇转化率,氢气和一氧化碳的出口含量以及通道中的最大温差的影响。当边界温度和进口速度一定时,分析了整个反应过程中各组分的变化情况。结果表明,在水醇比,边界温度以及进口速度分别为1.3、523 K、0.1 m/s的情况下:甲醇出口转化率最高达94.36%;氢气的含量为0.0989;CO的含量为0.0095%。发现随边界温度升高,进口流速的减小,CO的含量会进一步增加。     

蒙脱石负载纳米镍甘油水蒸气重整制氢

采用提升pH工艺把不同含量的镍浸渍在蒙脱石(MMT)上,分别在600、700与800℃下煅烧成型.研究Ni/MMT催化剂用于甘油水蒸气重整(GSR)制氢的效果,并通过氮气吸附、粉末X射线衍射和透射电镜对Ni/MMT催化剂进行表征.甘油水蒸气重整制氢是在1.013×105 Pa,400~600℃,固定床反应器中进行的.对不同镍含量以及煅烧温度对催化活性与产物选择性的影响进行分析.700℃煅烧的催化剂比600、800℃煅烧的催化剂拥有更好的催化活性.在700℃下煅烧的镍含量为19.89%的催化剂催化活性最好,在600℃时甘油转化率达到85%,同时氢气选择性为76%.实验结果表明,在400~600℃随着温度上升,甘油转化率上升.     

微型反应器中甲醇水蒸气重整制氢研究

为了强化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢过程,研制了一种集燃料预热、汽化、过热和重整反应功能于一体的微型反应器.实验考察了反应温度、水醇摩尔比、液体空速等对甲醇转化率、产氢率、反应器出口氢气和一氧化碳浓度的影响,建立了该反应器的数学和动力学模型并进行了三维数值模拟.结果表明,所建模型能较好地反映出反应器的性能,当反应温度、水醇摩尔比和液体空速分别为260℃、1.3、0.2 h-2时,产氢率达0.2 mol/(h·g),可为氢气利用率为80％、效率为60％的燃料电池提供10.2 W的功率.     

热扩散管反应器中甲烷转化反应的研究

为了实现甲烷的有效转化,使用热扩散管反应器进行了甲烷的脱氢偶联反应. 结果表明,C2至油状产物被生成. 实验表明,由于热扩散作用的存在,当甲烷由上向下通入垂直设置的反应管时,C2烃的选择性较高. 在碳棒温度1470K下甲烷转化率约为36%,C2选择性可达40%,其中乙炔和乙烯的摩尔分数在95%以上. 在添加氢气的(摩尔比:n(H2)/n(CH4)=1/2)情况下,C2选择性上升至68.3%,甲烷气体的转化率约为23%. 在碳棒温度1470K、甲烷由上向下通入反应器,反应器出口气体产物中氢气的摩尔分数在40%以上.     

CuZnZrAlO催化剂上甲醇蒸汽重整反应动力学

利用常压微型固定床反应器,采用CuZnZrA lO甲醇重整制氢催化剂,考察了503~543K下甲醇停留时间(W/FA0)对CO2和CO转化率的影响,在排除内外扩散影响的条件下,采用甲醇直接重整和甲醇分解平行进行的反应途径,以CO和CO2为关键组分,建立了适合其在甲醇蒸汽重整制氢反应中使用的动力学模型,并利用最小二乘法确定了模型参数.F-检验表明所提出的动力学模型可作为反应器模拟分析和设计的基础.     

甲醇重整制氢反应器的模拟研究

在Peppley等人提出的甲醇水蒸汽重整反应机理的基础上建立了甲醇重整制氢反应器的模型。并依据所建立的模型对不同压力及空速下甲醇的转化率进行了模拟并与实验数据进行了对比,结果显示甲醇转化率的模拟值与实验数据有较好的吻合（相对误差1.13%）。在所建立模型的基础上,进一步地讨论了反应器入口甲醇比率和入口温度对甲醇转化率以及单位甲 醇制氢量的影响。并得出了在所给出的操作条件下,当入口温度为570K,F_M,R/^FM,B=8.5时,单位甲醇的制氢量最高,可达到2.64（mol/mol）。     

Co-Mo_2C/AC催化剂催化甲醇水蒸气重整的性能

本文研究Co掺杂Mo_2C/AC(AC为活性炭)催化剂的催化甲醇重整制氢性能。利用粉末X线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积分析仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对Co掺杂Mo_2C/AC催化剂进行分析表征。结果表明:适量Co的掺杂可以提高甲醇水蒸气重整后产物中H_2的含量和甲醇转化率,掺杂1%Co时催化剂活性最高。在焙烧温度为725℃,负载量为10%时,催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢效果最佳。当反应温度为450℃,甲醇溶液质量分数10%,液时空速为2 h-1时,甲醇转化率接近100%,催化产物中H2约占70%,CO控制在1%左右。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-