风冷汽油机热载荷分析及喇叭型导流罩的影响研究

为了深入分析热载荷对风冷发动机运行稳定性的影响，通过CONVERGE仿真软件对某四冲程风冷式汽油发动机缸内燃烧过程进行数值模拟计算，获得了完整的缸内燃气侧热边界条件。基于FLUENT仿真软件，建立发动机热流固耦合稳态传热仿真模型，获得了燃气侧不均匀热载荷与机体外复杂空气流动共同作用下的发动机热载荷分布，并通过台架实验验证了稳态传热仿真的准确性。设计喇叭型结构导流罩，分析了导流罩收缩比对导流罩性能的影响，改善发动机的冷却效果。结果表明：发动机稳态传热仿真与台架测试最大误差为3.12%,仿真模型具有较高的准确性；发动机机体最高温度为655 K,出现在排气道端口处位置；随着导流罩收缩比的减小，发动机冷却散热性能增强，收缩比λ为1.94时，冷却强化效果最好，机体最高温度降低8.8 K。研究对风冷汽油机的冷却系统设计及优化具有一定的指导意义。     

蓖麻油与二甲醚临界互溶温度实验测量

为测定二甲醚与蓖麻油混合燃料的临界互溶温度,对互溶性实验装置进行了改进.利用改进后的装置,在蓖麻油的质量分数为2.01%~93.03%范围内,测量了16个状态点的蓖麻油与DME的临界互溶温度.结果表明:蓖麻油与DME临界互溶温度在221.46~256.62 K之间.临界互溶温度随着蓖麻油浓度的增加而增加,在蓖麻油的质量分数为0.5时,临界互溶温度为245 K(-28.15℃),能够满足高寒地区的使用.将临界互溶温度拟合为蓖麻油质量分数的函数,可供选择合适的DME发动机燃料润滑改进剂时使用.     

一种高效清洁燃烧纯甲醇燃料的新方法探索

在一台点火式电喷汽油机上进行了甲醇裂解燃料高效清洁燃烧的探索研究．研制了甲醇裂解装置和控制单元及其控制策略．发动机用汽油起动后,电控单元判别排气温度当其温度达到320℃以上时,电控单元自动从汽油燃料切换到甲醇裂解燃料下工作．在甲醇燃料模式下,通过ECU的标定,实现了自动运行．试验结果表明：与汽油和M20甲醇汽油相比,甲醇裂解燃料可以有效地提高点火式电喷发动机的效率,显著增高发动机的经济性,而且降低了尾气中有害气体排放．可见燃用甲醇裂解燃料是电喷发动机高效清洁燃烧的新方式．     

某汽油发动机排气系统的分析与设计

为有效控制发动机尾气所排放的污染物和排气噪声,针对某型号轿车汽油发动机排气系统进行设计,对排气系统的声学特性进行分析与数值计算,阐述了噪声的产生机理和降低噪声的方法,并对阻性消声器和阻抗复合型消声器的结构和主要尺寸参数进行了设计.分析了尾气污染物的主要成分及其净化方法,参考北京绿创的轿车整体型三元催化器的结构尺寸,设计了基于低温等离子体(NTP,Non-Thermal Plasma)的汽车尾气四效净化器,根据汽车设计的相关要求,对排气系统的各零部件进行合理布置,确定了悬挂方式;该汽车排气系统可同时净化发动机尾气中其中一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢化合物(HC)、氮氧化合物(NOx)和可吸入碳烟颗粒物(PM,particulate materia),同时具有净化效率高,排气背压低、降噪效果好等优势.     

微米木纤维DPF冷却器结构设计与试验

尾气微粒捕集器技术是目前净化柴油机尾气颗粒物最有效的后处理技术之一。微米木纤维作为捕集器滤芯材料,具有过滤效率高、排气背压小和容尘量多等优点,但不能长时间承受尾气300~400℃的高温,需结合冷却装置使用。本研究分析了风冷却器基管内径、管间距、翅片高度和翅片间距对冷却性能的影响;设计了与Lister Petter AA1柴油机相匹配的管翅式冷却器,并搭建了冷却器性能试验台进行实验验证。结果表明,该管翅式冷却器具有良好的冷却效果,在试验工况下能将尾气温度冷却至木纤维滤芯可耐受的220℃以下,同时冷却器的压降也保持在14 k Pa以内。     

零碳/低碳燃料固体氧化物燃料电池-发动机联合动力系统热力学分析

为响应能源动力领域低碳节能的战略需求，促进固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)商业化应用，设计了一种SOFC-发动机联合动力系统，以NH₃、H₂、天然气为燃料，并结合尾气余热梯级利用技术。首先建立并验证了系统的数学模型，然后对系统模型进行了热力学分析，探究了不同零碳燃料、低碳燃料应用时关键参数对系统性能的影响。结果表明：燃料流率增大时系统效率无明显变化，H₂作燃料时SOFC与发动机子模块效率最佳，但使用NH₃系统总效率最高，可达81.96%;当量比保持在1时可使系统整体效率达到最优；蒸汽燃料比从0.8降低到0.2时系统总效率随之升高，但其过低也会导致系统经济性变差；理想条件下，该系统应用在动力机械装置中时，考虑到SOFC装置与发动机模块的耦合性，SOFC工作温度维持在600℃～650℃为宜。     

基于流-固耦合的测量耙设计

在设计某型涡扇发动机外涵出口测量耙时,发现原有的强度计算方法中载荷施加方法与实际发动机流场受力条件相差较大,无法模拟测量耙在发动机流道中所受的真实载荷。为解决上述问题,提出采用单向流-固耦合的方法开展该测量耙的静强度分析和模态特性分析。发现采用单向流-固耦合方法计算得到的测量耙载荷更加接近测量耙真实装机状态所受载荷。经过计算,与传统方法相比,采用单向流-固耦合方法得到的静应力由248.69 MPa减小为51.49 MPa,变形由0.81 mm减小为0.16 mm;测量耙前六阶固有频率均增长超过7%,成功避开了发动机转子固有频率。流-固耦合设计方法可以为提高现有的测量耙设计能力提供参考,同时应用于后续测量耙设计及校核计算中。     

四缸发动机冷却系统冷却性能分析及实验验证

为了给发动机冷却系统冷却性能分析提供方法参考,以某四缸发动机冷却系统为研究对象,基于计算流体力学仿真手段对其冷却系统冷却性能进行模拟分析。结果表明该四缸发动机冷却系统在发动机转速10000 r/min时的工作流量为90 L/min,该流量工况下缸体水套排气侧区、缸头鼻梁区冷却液流速满足高温区域流速不低于1.5 m/s的设计要求。4缸鼻梁区截面流量最小,3缸鼻梁区截面流量最大。经发动机台架热平衡实验验证,4缸的缸头火花塞垫片温度最高,3缸的缸头火花塞垫片温度最低。实测温度结果分布趋势与各缸鼻梁区截面处流量分布、发动机缸头温度场分布趋势基本一致,表明构建的冷却系统数值仿真模型是可靠的。缸头火花塞垫片在极限工况下的最高温度213℃在可接受范围内（小于250℃）,表明该四缸发动机冷却系统的冷却性能较好,可满足该四缸发动机的冷却。     

民用飞机短舱系统静强度设计

<正>1.短舱系统强度设计概述飞机发动机短舱是为发动机及其附件提供保护的,同时在飞行中保证发动机周身气动外形的平滑。短舱主要由进气道、风扇罩、反推力罩以及排气系统组成。民用飞机短舱强度设计需满足静强度设计要求、疲劳和损伤容限要求,需满足中国民用航空规章第25部-运输类飞机适航标准(以下简称CCAR25)相关条款的要求。2.短舱系统结构简介     

航空发动机测温系统动态特性改善方法研究

温度是航空发动机运行过程中一个重要的状态参数,需准确、快速地测量。但当前航空发动机温度测量存在较大的滞后问题,致使执行机构动作不及时,导致故障的发生。为解决温度测量中的滞后问题,在分析了温度传感器数学模型的基础上,设计了合适的传感器校正方案;并进行了温度传感器校正系统的仿真。仿真计算结果表明,所采用的校正方案可明显改善温度测量系统的动态响应特性,准确、快速地跟踪被测温度。所提出的温度传感器校正算法具有适应性良好、抗干扰能力强等突出优点,为解决航空发动机温度测量问题提供重要参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.