禾谷炭疽菌中候选G蛋白偶联受体蛋白的找寻

G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor,GPCR)是生物中一类具有典型七跨膜结构域的重要细胞表面受体,对细胞信号转导过程具有重要作用.禾谷炭疽菌严重危害着玉米、高粱等禾本科植物的产业发展,然而,对于该菌中GPCR蛋白数量及功能尚未有系统性报道.基于典型GPCR蛋白序列所具有的七跨膜保守结构...     

SEMA6C胞外域在293T细胞中的大量表达及其结构特性的研究

Sema6C是semaphorin蛋白超家族的成员之一,具有调节神经系统发生和发展的生理功能.Sema6C由胞外域、跨膜片段和胞内结构域组成.利用293T细胞表达了Sema6C的胞外域并研究了其结构特性.实验结果表明Sema6C可在293T细胞中大量表达,纯化出的该蛋白N-糖基化修饰,并具有导致背根神经节(DRG)生长...     

大连民族学院国家自然科学基金项目简介(Ⅴ)

项目：表达细胞信号转导机能的多元超分子体系研究编号：20472013主持人：范圣第生物信号转导是一切生命活动的基础。生物体中各细胞之间只有通过细胞信号转导与传递过程才能构成统一的整体,各细胞问的信息交流和生命代谢活动的协调分工与配合,才能保证完成生命活动过程。研究生物体系信号转导中重要化学分子的参与过程及其机理及细胞膜上各种化学成分的作用一直是生命科学研究领域的热点。因是相当复杂的尖端领域,到目前为止仍然有许多不明之处。本项国家自然科学基金课题采用化学生物学的手法,以生物体内细胞信号转导机制为理论依据,在生物体外建立能够表达生物体内细胞信号转导机能的多元超分子体系。本项目作为化学生物学领域的基础研究,不仅能够促进新兴交叉学科基本理论的进步,开创生物启发化学和超分子化学的新领域,而且对解明错综复杂的生物信息传递过程和生物体内的信息传递机制,开发新型分子器件等都具有重要的理论和实际意义。已取得的学术成果：本研究以化学生物学的基本理论为出发点,发挥交叉学科的特点和长处,从化学的角度研究生命科学的高端领域取得了一定成果。,用化学方法合成的二分子膜作为人工细胞膜,构建了具有跨膜细胞信号转导机能的多元超分子体系。发表论文...     

植物类受体蛋白激酶的研究进展

植物类受体蛋白激酶是一类定位在质膜上,具有胞外结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内激酶域的蛋白质.简要介绍类受体蛋白激酶的结构、种类以及其在植物生长发育过程中的作用,并对近几年植物类受体蛋白激酶的研究进展进行了综述.     

ADAMs的结构和功能

ADAMs是近几年发现的一类锚定于细胞膜的跨膜糖蛋白,含多个结构域并具有多种功能.它们的结构域包括信号肽区、前调控区、金属蛋白水解酶区、解联蛋白区、富半胱氨酸区、上皮生长因子区、跨膜区和胞内区等;它们的功能包括蛋白水解、分子修饰、分子释放、细胞与细胞和细胞与基质相互作用、细胞识别、细胞内信号传导、细胞间通讯等.简要总结了ADAMs一级结构、高级结构、理化性质、结构区组成、各结构区功能以及ADAMs在肝再生过程中的变化等方面的研究进展.     

人EGF受体胞外域cDNA克隆及其序列分析

目的：克隆编码人表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)胞外域的cDNA,构建可溶性EGFR(sEGFR)的哺乳动物细胞表达载体。方法：以RT—PCR方法从人胎盘中克隆编码EGFR胞外域的cDNA,测定其序列,构建sEGFR真核表达载体。结果：从人胎盘绒毛组织中成功克隆编码EGFR胞外域的cNDA,通过PCR方法在起始位点前加入Kozak序列并添加终止密码,构建了sEGFR的真核表达载体。该基因编码的蛋白质包含信号肽以及L1、S1、12和S2等4个结构域。序列分析表明该基因有3个碱基与以往报道的基因不同,即1562G→A、1620G→C、1887T→A,前两个改变导致氨基酸Arg497Lys和Lys516Asn的改变,后一个为同义突变Thr605。结论：成功克隆编码EGFR胞外域的cDNA,并构建了sEGFR真核表达载体。     

自噬与肿瘤EGFR抑制剂耐药的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)这种酪氨酸激酶受体在许多类型实体肿瘤的发生及生长过程中起着主要作用,因而针对性地应用EGFR抑制剂已被批准作为多种类型肿瘤的治疗方法.然而,先天性或获得性耐药问题限制了这类药物的疗效.自噬作为细胞内废弃物降解的一种方式,被认为与肿瘤EGFR抑制剂耐药相关. EGFR抑制剂能诱导自噬,然而该作用是双向的.自噬既能减弱EGFR抑制剂的细胞毒性作用而介导肿瘤耐药,也会在过度自噬的情况下促进细胞死亡而逆转肿瘤耐药.因此,调节自噬水平有可能为克服肿瘤患者EGFR抑制剂耐药提供更多思路.     

TAT-SOD融合蛋白的跨膜转导性质的研究

探讨了融合蛋白TAT-SOD的跨膜转导特性.实验结果表明:非变性的TAT-SOD也可以不受细胞种类限制,突破质膜屏障,显著提高L02、A375、Hela细胞的胞内SOD的活力;TAT-SOD的这种跨膜转导有明显的浓度、时间依赖关系,随着浓度和时间的增加而增加;在TAT跨膜转导SOD过程中,TAT-SOD首先黏附到细胞膜上,黏附量随TAT-SOD浓度的提高而明显增加,随作用时间的延长虽然也有增加,但是在30 min内迅速达到一个较高的水平,其后增加的趋势极为缓慢.细胞紫外线辐射防护试验表明,320 U/mL的TAT-SOD对细胞的保护率约为野生型SOD的5倍.试验结果说明,TAT-SOD具有明显的跨膜转导能力,可提高SOD的生物利用率.     

柑橘溃疡病相关基因CitEX3的克隆与表达分析

利用RT-PCR和PCR扩增技术,获得纽荷尔脐橙富亮氨酸重复序列受体样蛋白激酶EXS(EXTRA SPOROGENOUS CELLS)基因CDs全长,命名为Cit EX3.生物信息学分析表明,该基因CDs全长2 667bp,编码888个氨基酸,最大开放阅读框2 667bp,属于富亮氨酸重复序列蛋白激酶家族(LRR-RLKs).Cit EX3基因所编码蛋白EXS3分为胞外域、跨膜域和胞内激酶结构域,胞外域中存在保守的LRR重复序列,胞内激酶结构域中存在一个保守的丝/苏氨酸催化域重复序列.Southern Blot分析表明,在纽荷尔、椪柑、四季桔和金柑中该基因都以单拷贝形式存在.实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,接种溃疡病病菌后,该基因受溃疡病诱导上调表达,推测该基因可能与柑橘溃疡病抗性相关.     

G蛋白与细胞信号转导

该文主要阐述了G蛋白结构、偶联受体、下游效应器以及蛋白信号转导的有效途径,并且说明了在进行植物细胞信号转导的过程中,植物细胞G蛋白具有非常重要的作用。     

Inhibition of the EGF receptor by binding of MIG6 to an activating kinase domain interface

Members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR/ERBB1, ERBB2/HER2, ERBB3/HER3 and ERBB4/HER4) are key targets for inhibition in cancer therapy. Critical for activation is the formation of an asymmetric dimer by the intracellular kinase domains, in which the carboxy-terminal lobe (C lobe) of one kinase domain induces an active conformation in the other. The cytoplasmic protein MIG6 (mitogen-induced gene 6; also known as ERRFI1) interacts with and inhibits the kinase domains of EGFR and ERBB2 (refs 3-5). Crystal structures of complexes between the EGFR kinase domain and a fragment of MIG6 show that a approximately 25-residue epitope (segment 1) from MIG6 binds to the distal surface of the C lobe of the kinase domain. Biochemical and cell-based analyses confirm that this interaction contributes to EGFR inhibition by blocking the formation of the activating dimer interface. A longer MIG6 peptide that is extended C terminal to segment 1 has increased potency as an inhibitor of the activated EGFR kinase domain, while retaining a critical dependence on segment 1. We show that signalling by EGFR molecules that contain constitutively active kinase domains still requires formation of the asymmetric dimer, underscoring the importance of dimer interface blockage in MIG6-mediated inhibition.     

Protein kinase C phosphorylation of the EGF receptor at a threonine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane

The receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a 170,000-180,000 molecular weight single-chain glycoprotein of 1,186 amino acids. Its sequence suggests that it has an external EGF-binding domain, formed by the NH2-terminal 621 amino acids, linked to a cytoplasmic region by a single membrane-spanning segment. In the cytoplasmic portion, starting 50 residues from the membrane, there is a 250-residue stretch similar to the catalytic domain of the src gene family of retroviral tyrosine protein kinases, and, indeed, a tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity intrinsic to the receptor is stimulated when EGF is bound. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins, detected in A431 cells following EGF binding, may be important in the mitogenic signal pathway. Tumour promoters such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), counteract this increase, as well as causing loss of a high affinity class of EGF binding sites. The major receptor for TPA has been identified as the serine/threonine-specific Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent diacylglycerol-activated protein kinase, protein kinase C. By substituting for diacylglycerol, TPA stimulates protein kinase C. Protein kinase C phosphorylates purified EGF receptor at specific sites, and this reduces EGF-stimulated tyrosine protein kinase activity. TPA treatment of A431 cells increases serine and threonine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor at the same sites, which suggests that the reduction of EGF receptor kinase activity in TPA-treated cells is a consequence of the receptor's phosphorylation by the kinase. We have attempted to identify these phosphorylation sites and show here that protein kinase C phosphorylates threonine 654 in the human EGF receptor. This threonine is in a very basic sequence nine residues from the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane in the region before the protein kinase domain; it is thus in a position to modulate signalling between this internal domain and the external EGF-binding domain.     

Autophosphorylation sites on the epidermal growth factor receptor

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase with autophosphorylating activity. A 300 amino acid-long region of the receptor's cytoplasmic domain matches (35-90% homology) sequences of transforming proteins from the src family and includes a putative nucleotide binding site. Several of the src transforming proteins have tyrosine kinase activity, but v-erb-B, which appears to be a truncated EGF receptor, is virtually identical to the receptor over this region and yet lacks detectable kinase activity. To locate possible acceptor sites in the v-erb-B protein, we have mapped these sites in the human EGF receptor. We report here that three tyrosine sites near the C-terminus are phosphorylated in vitro. In intact cells, we find that EGF stimulates phosphorylation of several sites, the tyrosine 14 residues from the C-terminus being modified the most extensively. The equivalent site is absent in the v-erb-B protein of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) and may influence tyrosine kinase activity.     

No T-cell tyrosine protein kinase signalling or calcium mobilization after CD4 association with HIV-1 or HIV-1 gp120.

The T lymphocyte surface protein CD4 is an integral membrane glycoprotein noncovalently associated with the tyrosine protein kinase p56lck. In normal T cells, surface association of CD4 molecules with other CD4 molecules or other T-cell surface proteins, such as the T-cell antigen receptor, stimulates the activity of the p56lck tyrosine kinase, resulting in the phosphorylation of various cellular proteins at tyrosine residues. Thus, the signal transduction in T cells generated through the surface engagement of CD4 is similar to that observed for the class of growth factor receptors possessing endogenous tyrosine kinase activity. As CD4 is also the cellular receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), binding of the virus or gp120 (the virus surface protein responsible for specific CD4+ T-cell association) could mimic the types of immunological interactions that have previously been found to stimulate p56lck and trigger T-cell activation pathways. We have evaluated this possibility and report here that binding of HIV-1 or the virus glycoprotein gp120 to CD4+ human T cells fails to elicit detectable p56lck-dependent tyrosine kinase activation and signalling, alterations in the composition of cellular phosphotyrosine-containing proteins, or changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration.     

A point mutation in the neu oncogene mimics ligand induction of receptor aggregation

The rat neu gene, which encodes a protein closely related to the epidermal growth factor receptor, is a proto-oncogene that can be converted into an oncogene by a point mutation. Both genes encode proteins with a relative molecular mass of 185,000 but the question of why the neu gene product, p185neu, is oncogenic, whereas the product of c-neu, p185c-neu, is not, remains unanswered. The proteins have several features common to the family of tyrosine kinase growth-factor receptors, including cysteine-rich external domains, a hydrophobic transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The oncogenic p185neu differs from p185c-neu by an amino-acid substitution in the transmembrane region of the glycoprotein: this replacement of valine by glutamic acid at position 664 induces increased intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity which is associated with transformation. Many glycoproteins with charged amino acids in the transmembrane region exist as multimeric complexes at the plasma membrane. We have therefore investigated the association state of both products of the neu gene and show that the oncoprotein p185neu is organized at the plasma membrane primarily in an aggregated form, but that p185c-neu is not. Induction of an aggregated state may mimic aspects of ligand-induced receptor aggregation resulting in enzymatic activation that leads to cellular transformation.     

Leukocytes express a novel gene encoding a putative transmembrane protein-kinase devoid of an extracellular domain

Tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of proteins is a key to the control of diverse pathways leading to cell growth and differentiation. The protein-tyrosine kinases described to date are either transmembrane proteins having an extracellular ligand binding domain or cytoplasmic proteins related to the v-src oncogene. Most of these proteins are expressed in a wide variety of cells and tissues; few are tissue-specific. Previous studies have suggested that lymphokines could mediate haematopoietic cell survival through their action on glucose transport, regulated in some cells through the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor. We have investigated the possibility that insulin receptor-like genes are expressed specifically in haematopoietic cells. Using the insulin receptor-related avian sarcoma oncogene v-ros as a probe, we have isolated and characterized the complementary DNA of a novel gene, ltk (leukocyte tyrosine kinase). The ltk gene is expressed mainly in leukocytes, is related to several tyrosine kinase receptor genes of the insulin receptor family and has unique structural properties: it apparently encodes a transmembrane protein devoid of an extracellular domain. Two candidate ltk proteins have been identified with antibodies in the mouse thymus, and have properties indicating that they are integral membrane proteins. These features suggest that ltk could be a signal transduction subunit for one or several of the haematopoietic receptors.     

A quantitative protein interaction network for the ErbB receptors using protein microarrays

Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; also called ErbB1) and its relatives initiate one of the most well-studied signalling networks, there is not yet a genome-wide view of even the earliest step in this pathway: recruitment of proteins to the activated receptors. Here we use protein microarrays comprising virtually every Src homology 2 (SH2) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain encoded in the human genome to measure the equilibrium dissociation constant of each domain for 61 peptides representing physiological sites of tyrosine phosphorylation on the four ErbB receptors. This involved 77,592 independent biochemical measurements and provided a quantitative protein interaction network that reveals many new interactions, including ones that fall outside of our current view of domain selectivity. By slicing through the network at different affinity thresholds, we found surprising differences between the receptors. Most notably, EGFR and ErbB2 become markedly more promiscuous as the threshold is lowered, whereas ErbB3 does not. Because EGFR and ErbB2 are overexpressed in many human cancers, our results suggest that the extent to which promiscuity changes with protein concentration may contribute to the oncogenic potential of receptor tyrosine kinases, and perhaps other signalling proteins as well.     

Structure of an SH2 domain of the p85 alpha subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase.

Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, through phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues, generate high-affinity binding sites which direct assembly of multienzyme signalling complexes. Many of these signalling proteins, including phospholipase C gamma, GTPase-activating protein and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, contain src-homology 2 (SH2) domains, which bind with high affinity and specificity to tyrosine-phosphorylated sequences. The critical role played by SH2 domains in signalling has been highlighted by recent studies showing that mutation of specific phosphorylation sites on the platelet-derived growth factor receptor impair its association with phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, preventing growth factor-induced mitogenesis. Here we report the solution structure of an isolated SH2 domain from the 85K regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, determined using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure is characterized by a central region of beta-sheet flanked by two alpha-helices, with a highly flexible loop close to functionally important residues previously identified by site-directed mutagenesis.