九轴联动叶片双刀铣削刀路平滑算法

针对九轴联动叶片型面双刀对顶铣削方法,为保证加工轨迹的平滑性及双刀具的同步性,提出了一种基于几何约束的刀路平滑算法。首先,分析了九轴联动双刀加工机床中两把刀具的结构约束关系,通过旋转矩阵将切触点处法向矢量转化为表征双刀具姿态的刀轴矢量,并由刀轴矢量计算刀具的前倾角和侧偏角,确定满足双刀铣削要求的前倾角和侧偏角取值范围;然后,由残留高度和弦高误差定义切削宽度和步长对应的参数增量,对叶背、叶盆曲面沿行距方向上相邻切触点间参数增量Δu_(di)、Δu_(bi)和进给方向上相邻切触点间的参数增量Δv_(di)、Δv_(bi)进行等参数化求解;最后,根据叶背和叶盆曲面切削区域的范围设定自定义系数,研究双侧对顶铣削轨迹线的参数匹配算法,形成双刀铣削的刀路平滑算法。对典型汽轮机叶片规划了双刀对铣粗加工轨迹,并进行了加工仿真和实验验证,结果表明,叶片两侧对应加工区域可同时完成加工,且加工表面的轮廓误差满足该工序轮廓误差的公差要求。与考虑切削力抵消规划轨迹的算法相比,该算法的计算效率提高了56%,且在等效切削参数下,加工效率相对单刀提高了约41.5%。     

圆环面刀具数控加工刀具路径规划

研究了数控加工中圆环面刀具路径规划,建立圆环面刀具数学模型,从刀位点计算、曲面边界离散、相邻刀轨计算等方面确定刀具路径规划算法.最后,利用Matlab工具编程对路径规划算法进行了具体实现,通过计算基于圆环面刀具的刀位点数据,拟合生成刀具轨迹,同时利用UG软件采用球头刀对相同曲面进行加工路径仿真,通过两者比较,可以得出圆环面刀具加工效率更高的结论.     

五坐标加工整体叶轮粗加工刀位规划

针对具有等长叶片和长短交错叶片的叶轮,通过对其气流通道的几何分析,确定了叶轮的粗加工边界和最大刀具直径.采用均匀分层法对叶轮进行粗加工刀具路径规划,针对某一层给出了之字形走刀和三角形走刀的刀具路径规划算法.计算表明,与常规的单向等参数线法相比,之字形走刀法具有计算简单、抬刀次数少的优点,三角形走刀法不但抬刀次数少,而且切削路径长度明显减小,这些将有利于叶轮粗加工效率的提高.对于某一种走刀方式,通过连接切削层上的刀位点和盖盘曲面上的对应点,确定了五轴侧铣叶轮的刀具轴线方向,避免了刀具与叶片曲面和轮毂面的干涉.最后通过实例验证了算法的可行性.     

用密切曲率法加工自由曲面及刀位轨迹的排列

采用中凹的盘形铣刀取代传统的球头铣刀，在第五行程中让刀具运动形成的包络面与被加工表面之间在垂直于进给方向的法截面中达到三阶密切，从而大幅度减少了走刀次数，增加了切削宽度，提高了加工效率，文中给出了边界不受限制的单张曲面的刀位及刀具轨迹的计算方法。     

数控车床加工曲面时径向刀补的应用

本文分析了成形刀具在数控车床加工曲面时建立和撤销径向刀补时的合理轨迹,提出了正确建立和撤销径向刀补的关键方法,及其起刀点、开始切削点、结束切削点和退刀点的选择方法。     

高强钢高效加工层切面铣刀优化设计及仿真分析

利用层切面铣刀对508III钢进行铣削试验,分析切削参数对切削力的影响;以最优加工效率和刀具寿命为目标建立切削参数优化模型,采用遗传算法进行优化,并根据切削参数对刀具结构进行设计;对不同前角组合的刀片进行切削仿真,优化刀齿的角度参数;结合优化的切削参数,对层切面铣刀进行切削力仿真验证.研究工作将为重型高效铣削刀具开发和切削参数优化等提供基础和技术支撑.     

硬齿面刮削铣刀盘切削应力应变有限元分析

利用大型通用有限元分析软件ANSYS，对弧齿锥齿轮和准双曲面齿轮硬齿面刮削铣刀盘切削进行了应力应变的有限元分析，通过铣刀盘在各种改变参数条件下的应力分布图和变形图，预知刀盘切削时的应力应变大小及分布形式，优化出刀具切削时受力状况良好的刀具几何参数，进—步了解刀具几何参数对刀具强度、刚度等的影响规律，从刀具力学的角度找出刮削刀头易崩刃破损的结构因素。     

曲面加工刀具轨迹的仿真技术研究

本文针对数控铣削加工中刀具的走刀轨迹进行研究,对毛坯体建模时,采用的是三角面片离散法,实现了3轴数控铣床实体切削加工时离散矢量与刀具扫描体的几何求交算法,建立了铣削运动模型,通过不断更新毛坯数据信息来模拟刀具的切削过程,从而生成加工轨迹和走刀路径。以Visual C＋＋6．0为编程环境,用OpenGL作为图形开发工具,动态仿真刀具加工曲面的加工轨迹和走刀路径。     

任意曲面叶轮五坐标数控加工刀具轨迹生成

以任意曲面叶轮五坐标数控加工为背景，根据叶轮的几何形状，提出了一种高效的侧铣加工刀具－鼓锥形刀，基于鼓锥形刀的等残留高度刀具轨迹计算方法，使刀具按相邻轨迹的加工所形成的残留高度相等，加工效率提高，解决了等残留高度法生成刀具轨迹中的核心问题，并对刀具轨迹间距的计算提出了改进算法，计算精度提高，对任意曲面叶轮叶片五坐标数控加工刀具轨迹进行了计算，并与球形刀等参数法作了比较，结果证明，采用鼓锥形刀等残留高度法，所生成的刀具轨迹长度是球形刀等参数法刀具轨迹长度的1／3，加工效率是采用球形刀等参数法的3倍。     

薄壁叶片加工误差分析与预测

薄壁叶片在数控加工中容易变形,影响加工精度,提出了采用柔性变形迭代方法计算叶片铣削过程中的变形量.首先利用正交切削仿真试验确定球头铣刀的铣削力模型,并给出叶片数控加工刀触点计算方法,再将切削力加载到叶片的有限元网格节点上,采用柔性变形迭代方法计算出薄壁叶片的变形量.结果表明,所提出的方法能有效地预测薄壁零件的变形,为叶片加工误差补偿提供了依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.