干旱胁迫对红皮柳光合特性日变化及生长的影响

红皮柳(Salix purpurea)是我国西北地区重要的乡土树种,生长快、适应性强,在水土保持、防护林和生物质能源等方面发挥重要作用。以红皮柳扦插苗为研究材料,通过盆栽试验,在4种不同程度干旱胁迫处理(对照、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱胁迫)下,测定叶片的光合作用参数及生长量,分析探讨干旱胁迫对红皮柳光合特性及生长的影响。结果表明:在轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下,红皮柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)日均值分别比对照下降10.4%(P＞0.05)、17.9%(P＜0.05)和58.2%(P＜0.05),中度和重度干旱胁迫下P_n下降量达到显著水平; 随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,P_n的下降伴随着蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)的显著下降,水分利用效率(E_WUE)逐渐升高,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)先下降后上升; 轻度干旱胁迫和中度干旱胁迫下P_n的降低是由于气孔限制引起,而重度干旱胁迫下受到气孔因素与非气孔因素的共同作用。而且,红皮柳生长受到干旱胁迫的显著影响,随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,株高和基径的相对增长率下降程度增大。     

重金属铬胁迫对髯毛箬竹光合特性的影响

【目的】 探讨髯毛箬竹(Indocalamus barbatus McClure)光合特性对铬胁迫的响应,为铬胁迫环境下髯毛箬竹生理响应机制的研究提供依据。【方法】采用盆栽法研究不同浓度铬(含量分别为0、100、400、800 mg/kg)胁迫对其光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【结果】随着铬浓度的增加,髯毛箬竹叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均呈先上升后下降趋势,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)则呈相反趋势,说明在铬胁迫下,髯毛箬竹的光合作用具有“低促高抑”现象,且胁迫导致的P_n变化主要受非气孔因素影响。与对照相比,低浓度铬胁迫(含量100 mg/kg)均导致髯毛箬竹PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F₀)、PSⅡ有效光化学效率(F_v'/F_m')、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(η_ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(R_ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(C_PQC)升高而非光化学猝灭系数(C_NPQ)下降,说明低浓度铬促进光合作用与刺激叶肉细胞光化学活性和增强光能利用效率有关,而PSⅡ反应中心开放率的增加和热耗散的降低是光能利用率提高的主要原因。随着铬胁迫浓度和时间的增加,髯毛箬竹的F_v/F_m、F_v/F₀、 F_v'/F_m'、η_ΦPSⅡ、C_PQC和R_ETR总体上均呈现下降趋势,而C_NPQ呈上升趋势。说明高浓度长时间铬处理使髯毛箬竹光合机构受损,光化学活性降低,并产生了明显的光抑制。热耗散的增强是髯毛箬竹叶片防御高浓度铬胁迫下光破坏的重要机制。【结论】髯毛箬竹能适应一定浓度的铬胁迫环境,并对不同浓度铬胁迫产生不同的光合响应调节。     

土壤干旱胁迫对云锦杜鹃水分利用效率的影响

以盆栽5年生云锦杜鹃苗木为材料,分对照(土壤水分含量为最大田间持水量的75%~80%)、轻度胁迫(60%~65%)、中度胁迫(45%~50%)、重度胁迫(30%~35%)4组,研究了土壤干旱对水分利用效率等生理指标的影响,结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的加重,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度依次降低,水分利用效率在轻度胁迫下增高,在重度胁迫下降低.高温使净光合速率降低,蒸腾速率升高,水分利用效率进一步降低.     

外源钙和水杨酸对弱光下观光木幼苗生理特性的影响

以6个月大观光木幼苗为试验材料，在弱光下分别喷施不同浓度的氯化钙(CaCl₂)和水杨酸(SA),测定叶片抗氧化酶和叶绿素荧光参数等指标，研究CaCl₂和SA处理对弱光胁迫下观光木的缓解作用.结果表明：在弱光条件下，观光木幼苗的SOD、POD、PPO、APX酶活性，可溶性蛋白含量，F_o,F_m,F_v/F_m下降，喷施CaCl₂和SA后这些指标均有所上升；同时，MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量和NPQ上升，而喷施CaCl₂和SA后这些指标均有所下降.此外，随着CaCl₂和SA处理浓度的提高，SOD、POD、PPO、APX酶活性，可溶性蛋白含量，F_o,F_m,F_v/F_m先升后降，而MDA、游离脯氨酸含量、NPQ先降后升.综合分析可知：10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理和2 mmol/L SA处理对观光...     

3种灌木对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为确定灌木对干旱胁迫的生理响应,以天目琼花(Viburnum sargentii Koehne)、麻叶绣线菊(Spiraea cantoniensis Lour)和小紫珠(Callicarpa dichotoma Lour)幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽控水法,设置4个水分梯度,分别为田间最大持水量的95%(对照)、75%(轻度干旱)、55%(中度干旱)和35%(重度干旱),研究干旱胁迫对3种灌木生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的加剧,3种灌木的w(总叶绿素)、w(叶绿素a)/w(叶绿素b)和w(类胡萝卜素)逐渐下降,并且w(叶绿素a)的降幅远大于w(叶绿素b)的。随着胁迫程度的增加,3种灌木叶片相对电导率逐渐增大,叶片相对含水量逐渐下降。通过隶属函数综合分析可知,3种灌木中天目琼花抗旱性最强,麻叶绣线菊次之,小紫珠抗旱性最差。     

基于叶绿素荧光参数评估蝴蝶兰的组织培养潜力

以蝴蝶兰（Phalaenopsis aphrodite RcHb.F.）的“大辣椒”品种为对象,研究了不同高温胁迫处理时间下的蝴蝶兰形态、叶绿素荧光参数变化,并对处理过的蝴蝶兰材料进行了组织培养.结果发现：当蝴蝶兰“大辣椒”品种茎段的PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量（F_v/F_m）低于0.35时,其无法作为外植体进行组织培养.与蝴蝶兰叶片相比,茎段的F_v/F_m更能够指示蝴蝶兰组织培养的成功概率.     

干旱胁迫对两种沙地灌木能源树种光合特性的影响

为了研究干旱胁迫对两种灌木能源树种光合特性的影响,选择沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)1年生实生苗和多花柽柳(Tamarix hohenackeri Bunge)1年生扦插苗为试验材料,通过4个不同土壤水分条件下的盆栽试验,测定叶片叶绿素含量和光合参数。结果表明:多花柽柳在各个土壤水分条件下叶片叶绿素含量均低于沙枣,多花柽柳在中度干旱胁迫条件下叶绿素含量增加,沙枣在重度干旱胁迫条件下叶绿素仍然有较高含量。随着干旱胁迫程度加重,2个树种净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均呈下降的趋势,在中度干旱条件下净光合速率和蒸腾速率下降更明显,但胞间CO₂浓度呈上升趋势。多花柽柳净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均呈现出“双峰”曲线,11:00时出现“光合午休”现象,气孔导度呈现“单峰”曲线; 沙枣净光合速率日变化呈“单峰”曲线,上午明显高于下午。两树种蒸腾速率日变化和气孔导度日变化均表现为“双峰”曲线,呈现正相关性。     

水分胁迫对夏蜡梅气孔行为的影响

了解干旱对夏蜡梅光合作用的影响状况,为夏蜡梅的保护和培育提供理论依据,以盆栽2年生夏蜡梅幼苗为材料,分对照、轻度、中度、重度4组,研究了土壤水分胁迫下气孔导度的变化.结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加重,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度降低;夏蜡梅气孔导度日变化曲线由双峰型逐渐转变为峰值很小的单峰型,与净光合速率有较好的相关性.重度水分胁迫下气孔限制和非气孔限制(为主)引起夏蜡梅净光合速率成倍降低,严重影响其生长.     

铜藻应对强光胁迫的光合适应

近年来,以漂浮种群出现的铜藻金潮频繁暴发,其作为一种特殊的生物入侵现象,对海洋生态系统造成巨大负面影响。金潮暴发时,藻体于海水表面漂浮会接受更高的光强,但铜藻应对强光胁迫的光合响应机制尚不明确。设置低光(460μmol/(m²·s))、中光(920μmol/(m²·s))、高光(1 380μmol/(m²·s))3个强光水平,探讨铜藻在强光胁迫下的光合响应及适应。结果显示,经120 min强光处理后,铜藻的光合效率显著降低,最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)随光照时间和强度的增加逐渐下降,高光条件下F_v/F_m值最小。相应地,强光处理后,单位反应中心吸收、耗散的能量以及捕获用于还原质体醌A的能量均显著增加,电子传递受到抑制,低、中、高3个强光水平的最大相对电子传递速率(R_max)较初始状态分别降低了28.83%、40.34%、54.14%。同时,铜藻通过提高光系统Ⅱ反应中心净关闭率、增强非光化学淬灭和提高类胡萝卜素含...     

干旱胁迫对栽培种及野生种北沙参叶片解剖结构及生理特性的影响

为探究干旱胁迫对北沙参生长发育的影响，以栽培种和野生种北沙参为试验材料，测定不同浓度PEG模拟干旱胁迫下北沙参的解剖结构、生理指标及叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明：随着干旱程度的增加，叶片、上下表皮、栅栏组织及海绵组织厚度减小，其中30%PEG胁迫对两种北沙参影响最明显；在PEG胁迫增加的过程中，栽培种较野生种叶绿素含量变化较小，可溶性蛋白含量较高，且较对照呈极显著提高；两种北沙参叶片F_v/F_m值、光化学荧光淬灭系数(q_p)和PSⅡ的实际光化学效率(Y(Ⅱ))与对照相比均呈下降的趋势，栽培种比野生种降幅小。这些结果说明栽培种比野生种北沙参对干旱胁迫有较强的耐受能力。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.