显性知识与隐性知识的辩证关系

按照知识获取和传递的难易程度对知识进行了分类。在分析显性知识和隐性知识关系的基础上，从科学研究和技术的视角，研究了隐性知识在科学研究和技术发明中的重要性。     

自我知识是特殊的认识成就吗?

宽泛意义上的自我知识指向以第一人称为视角,对自身心智状态的认识归赋。在较为传统的立场中,亲知论与内感觉论等均主张这样的知识类型具有特殊的认识地位,是一种独特的认识成就,而维特根斯坦等人则因为这一方法的私有性而对此予以否认。从基础出发对跨人称的自我知识分析表明,第一人称视角中的跨人称知识未必就是推论性的。一个可以接受的立场或许是,相较于其他人称知识,自我知识作为一种认识成就,其特殊性并不显著。     

从元伦理看科技的善恶

从元伦理学的层次上来分析科技的善恶问题，可以对科技的伦理问题有更深入的认识，并形成科擘技术元伦理学的新视角，它为我们提供了认识科技善恶的语义指标，从而为帮助我们更有效地获得科技善提供明晰的人文方向。     

企业隐性知识显性化的外部机理和技术模式

本研究从社会学视角分析探讨了企业隐性知识显性化的外部机制和技术模式。首先从企业知识的构成以及隐性知识的涉身性、体验性和经验性等方面的特征论证了隐性知识显性化机制在于市场化与共同体化，同时提出了隐性知识显性化的技术模式：知识信息化和知识编码化。     

论科学知识的锁定及其突破

自然科学知识的增长始终伴随着或必然导致相关的"路径锁定"问题,这集中体现在某一时期的科学知识尤其是居于"统治地位"的科学理论对问题域、研究范式和哲学观本体论的锁定,也表现在理论科学知识通过技术科学知识或二者相结合所导致的对产业技术标准的锁定,以及作为知识和技术的凝聚物的"科技黑箱"对消费的锁定。诸种锁定所产生的理论影响和现实效应都意义重大,反思如何突破这种锁定的负面效应的途径因此也显得尤为重要。     

浅论术语学是知识技术的前提

20世纪70—80年代，随着信息技术的发展，人们越来越认识到术语学在知识产生、知识获取、知识代表和知识传递过程中所起的基础性作用。欧洲的术语学家从人们对信息流的研究和对知识秩序的重视上得到启发，设计了普通术语学的概念动力学模型，揭示出术语学和知识技术相互依赖、彼此依存的内在联系，并由此得出术语学和知识技术一体化的模型。文章着重对这一理论发展过程进行论述，以期为中国术语学理论提供一个新的研究视角。     

从转移到转译:产学研社群联结机制的转变

从转移的视角研究产学研社群的联结,暴露出知识流动的单向性问题,体现不出不同行动者之间的互动,而从转译的视角研究则克服了这个缺陷。转译是产学研社群得以形成的原因,也是维系产学研社群发展的动态机制。转译过程,包括问题化(problematisation)、利益锁定(interessement)、召募(enrollment)和动员(mobilization)四个阶段,呈现出多元、协商、开放的特点。     

集成创新——科技部节能示范楼的经验与启示

建筑耗能已占全社会能耗的1／5，建筑节能势在必行。科技部节能示范楼通过节能技术集成、环保技术集成及自动化智能系统集成，实现了大幅度节能减排。案例分析表明，节能楼在建设过程中遇到的问题具有普遍性，如建设成本的控制、某些领域国内现有技术的配套性差等。科技部节能楼技术解决方案的经验表明：降低成本的关键问题在于改变观念、认识与宣传误区；解决技术问题的关键是勇于技术集成创新。本文提出，要树立典型，加强宣传，对节能建筑重新认识；同时，构建建筑节能技术标准与配套技术的研究与实施体系等。     

论信息技术对宗教文化的影响——以对美国OFC的分析为例

由于人类社会进入了因特网时代,考察"信息技术对宗教文化的影响"这个难题具有重要意义。从理论方面看,这种考察有助于理解技术哲学研究中的"技术文化"问题;从实践方面看,这种考察有助于理解网上宗教社区(OFC)这类社会现实。本文首先对网上宗教社区进行了社会学和哲学视角的探讨,给出了OFC定义,从哲学的视角分析了信息技术对网上宗教社区的三种影响,在此基础上说明了信息技术对宗教文化的影响。     

技术之本质问题的探究:比较海德格尔与杜威技术哲学思想

对杜威和海德格尔技术哲学思想加以分析对比,考察他们在技术之本质问题,即技术的概念和技术在人与自然关系的作用上存在的分歧。在此基础上,进一步从追问技术之本质的渊源、研究方法和技术探究的意义三个维度,分析导致两种技术观点之对峙的深层原因。最后从突破形而上和人道主义视角,归纳两种技术思想对当下社会问题所具有的启发作用,为当代技术困境的解决提供的多元化出路。     

On a General Transformation Making a Dissimilarity Matrix Euclidean

When a dissimilarity matrix cannot be represented in a Euclidean space, it is possible to make it Euclidean by means of suitable transformations of the original dissimilarity values. In this paper we discuss some interesting properties of a class of transformations based on adding a specific squared Euclidean distance to the initial dissimilarity. An erratum to this article is available at .     

作为方法的空间

传统的空间研究,倾向于将空间视为一种"对象"。这种观念源自传统认识论对于空间属性的确认,即把空间看作绝对的、静止的几何学概念,或是某种先天纯粹的知觉形式,由此造成了空间阐释张力的严重不足。在列斐伏尔和福柯的空间思想引领之下,学界出现了"空间转向"之热潮,改变了研究者们对于空间的既往认识,其不再只是被动的研究对象,还可作为一种方法,成为认识问题的媒介与方式。这种空间方法论的创变,为研究界带来了极富革命性的启思。但就目前来说,空间方法论仍存有不少局限,这需要引起研究者们的及时关注。     

Unfolding a symmetric matrix

Graphical displays which show inter-sample distances are important for the interpretation and presentation of multivariate data. Except when the displays are two-dimensional, however, they are often difficult to visualize as a whole. A device, based on multidimensional unfolding, is described for presenting some intrinsically high-dimensional displays in fewer, usually two, dimensions. This goal is achieved by representing each sample by a pair of points, sayR _i andr _i, so that a theoretical distance between thei-th andj-th samples is represented twice, once by the distance betweenR _i andr _j and once by the distance betweenR _j andr _i. Selfdistances betweenR _i andr _i need not be zero. The mathematical conditions for unfolding to exhibit symmetry are established. Algorithms for finding approximate fits, not constrained to be symmetric, are discussed and some examples are given.     

A reduction algorithm for approximating a (nonmetric) dissimilarity by a tree distance

We propose a development stemming from Roux (1988). The principle is progressively to modify the dissimilarities so that every quadruple satisfies not only the additive inequality, as in Roux's method, but also all triangle inequalities. Our method thus ensures that the results are tree distances even when the observed dissimilarities are nonmetric. The method relies on the analytic solution of the least-squares projection onto a tree distance of the dissimilarities attached to a single quadruple. This goal is achieved by using geometric reasoning which also enables an easy proof of algorithm's convergence. This proof is simpler and more complete than that of Roux (1988) and applies to other similar reduction methods based on local least-squares projection. The method is illustrated using Case's (1978) data. Finally, we provide a comparative study with simulated data and show that our method compares favorably with that of Studier and Keppler (1988) which follows in the ADDTREE tradition (Sattath and Tversky 1977). Moreover, this study seems to indicate that our method's results are generally close to the global optimum according to variance accounted for.We offer sincere thanks to Gilles Caraux, Bernard Fichet, Alain Guénoche, and Maurice Roux for helpful discussions, advice, and for reading the preliminary versions of this paper. We are grateful to three anonymous referees and to the editor for many insightful comments. This research was supported in part by the GREG and the IA² network.     

Selection of a Representative Sample

Sometimes a larger dataset needs to be reduced to just a few points, and it is desirable that these points be representative of the whole dataset. If the future uses of these points are not fully specified in advance, standard decision-theoretic approaches will not work. We present here methodology for choosing a small representative sample based on a mixture modeling approach.     

作为世界假设的语境论

美国哲学家Pepper的根隐喻理论是形式论、机械论、有机论和语境论这些世界假设的基础。形式论的根隐喻是形式的相似性，机械论的根隐喻是机器，有机论的根隐喻是有机生长，语境论的根隐喻是历史事件。语境论是Pepper极力倡导的一种重要的整体论哲学学说，“变化”和“新奇”是其主要概念，并由这两个概念衍生出一套亚概念，用来说明事件的变化和发展。语境论的优点在于着眼于现实目标的分析，缺点是分析范围广，精确性弱。     

Mathematics as a Quasi-Empirical Science

The present paper aims at showing that there are times when set theoretical knowledge increases in a non-cumulative way. In other words, what we call ‘set theory’ is not one theory which grows by simple addition of a theorem after the other, but a finite sequence of theories T ₁, ..., T _n in which T _i+1, for 1 ≤ i < n, supersedes T _i . This thesis has a great philosophical significance because it implies that there is a sense in which mathematical theories, like the theories belonging to the empirical sciences, are fallible and that, consequently, mathematical knowledge has a quasi-empirical nature. The way I have chosen to provide evidence in favour of the correctness of the main thesis of this article consists in arguing that Cantor–Zermelo set theory is a Lakatosian Mathematical Research Programme (MRP).     

Tree enumeration modulo a consensus

The number of trees withn labeled terminal vertices grows too rapidly withn to permit exhaustive searches for Steiner trees or other kinds of optima in cladistics and related areas Often, however, structured constraints are known and may be imposed on the set of trees to be scanned These constraints may be formulated in terms of a consensus among the trees to be searched We calculate the reduction in the number of trees to be enumerated as a function of properties of the imposed consensusThis work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through operating grant A8867 to D Sankoff and infrastructure grant A3092 to D Sankoff, R J Cedergren and G Lapalme We are grateful to William H E Day for much encouragement and many helpful suggestions