316L不锈钢在含氯高温醋酸溶液中的自钝化行为

研究了316L不锈钢在85 ℃,含0.2% KCl的60%醋酸溶液中的自钝化行为. 通过测试试样的恒电流阴极极化曲线,以及恒电流阴极极化后开路电位随时间的变化曲线,提出了316L不锈钢钝化膜的结构模型. 该模型认为316L不锈钢钝化膜由三层构成:最外层主要是由Fe的氧化物以及少量Cr的氧化物组成;第二层主要是Cr的氧化物,含有少量Fe,Mo和Ni的氧化物;最底层主要是Mo,Ni的氧化物和少量的Fe原子. 研究发现: 316L不锈钢在实验醋酸溶液中,经10 mA阴极电流极化15 min后钝化膜生长参数γ最大,而经0.45 mA阴极电流极化30 min后钝化膜生长参数γ最小;316L不锈钢在实验醋酸溶液中,经10 mA阴极电流极化30 min后,自钝化电位最小,而经1 mA阴极电流极化15 min后,自钝化电位最大. 钝化膜结构模型能很好地解释316L不锈钢在实验醋酸溶液中的上述电化学行为.     

温度对SUS304与SUS430不锈钢耐腐蚀性及其钝化膜半导体性能的影响

使用SUS304与SUS430不锈钢作为研究材料,应用动电位极化曲线、交流阻抗谱(EIS)和电容电位法(Mott-Schottky)等电化学研究方法,对比研究了SUS304与SUS430不锈钢在1mol/L的NaHCO3溶液中、20~80℃温度内的腐蚀性能及其钝化膜半导体性能。结果表明,随着温度的升高,SUS304与SUS430不锈钢自腐蚀电流增加,溶液电阻与极化电阻减小,弥散效应增强;由M-S曲线知,在-0.5~0.5V电位区间,20~80℃温度内,SUS304与SUS430不锈钢钝化膜均表现为n型半导体性质,M-S曲线拟合直线斜率随温度的升高而降低,平带电位负移;可见在温度作用下,钝化膜半导体费米能级正移,使能级差减小而造成以氧空位为主要点缺陷的浓度增大,导致SUS304与SUS430不锈钢腐蚀加剧。其中SUS304奥氏体不锈钢比SUS430铁素体不锈钢具有较好的耐蚀性。本研究对探索腐蚀机理与选择合理的防腐新材料具有一定的借鉴作用。     

超级13Cr不锈钢的钝化膜耐蚀性与半导体特性

利用极化曲线和Mott-Schottky曲线,研究了超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在100、130、150和170℃且含CO2和Cl-的腐蚀介质中浸泡7 d所形成的钝化膜的电化学行为和半导体性质.同时应用光电子能谱表面分析技术分析了超级13Cr钝化膜中的元素价态.结果表明,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢经腐蚀过后形成的钝化膜表层中Mo和Ni以各自硫化物的形式富集,而Cr以Cr的氧化物的形式富集.在100℃和130℃形成的钝化膜具有良好的耐蚀性,而在150℃和170℃形成的钝化膜耐蚀性下降.产生这种现象的原因与表面钝化膜的半导体性能密切相关,在100℃和130℃中形成的钝化膜具有双极性n-p型半导体特征,且随着温度升高掺杂数量增多,而150℃和170℃介质中形成的钝化膜为p型半导体,故随着温度升高,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性能下降.     

316L和316LN不锈钢在高温高盐溶液中钝化膜的性能研究

利用电化学及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对316L与316LN两种不锈钢在高温高盐环境中的耐蚀性能进行了对比研究,利用Mott-Schottky曲线研究了两种材料的钝化膜半导体特征,借助X射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究了316LN不锈钢的钝化膜结构以及N元素在钝化膜中的分布状态。结果表明：在高温高盐环境中,两种材料形成的钝化膜都为n型半导体;316LN不锈钢形成的钝化膜耐点蚀性能更好,其钝化膜内缺陷浓度更低,N元素会在钝化膜中富集。最后利用点缺陷原理对316LN钝化膜的耐蚀机理进行了研究。     

增强不锈钢表面耐蚀性的研究进展

不锈钢是使用范围广泛且环保的一种耐蚀材料,但不锈钢在空气中自钝化形成的氧化膜的耐蚀性不佳,因此后续钝化处理是提高不锈钢表面耐蚀性的重要方法.本文综述了提高不锈钢表面耐蚀方法的研究进展.介绍不锈钢的钝化机理、硝酸钝化方法与柠檬酸钝化方法的最佳工艺.总结动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky曲线、循环伏安法和磨损-电化学腐蚀共五种不锈钢钝化膜耐蚀性测试方法.梳理塑性变形对不锈钢耐蚀性的影响,强调适度的塑性变形能够提高不锈钢耐蚀性.展望不锈钢钝化处理及塑性变形增强不锈钢钝化效应的研究趋势.     

430不锈钢腐蚀行为及钝化膜半导体特性的研究

使用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术和电容电位法(Mott-Schottky)研究了430不锈钢在不同Cl-浓度下的腐蚀行为,并结合点缺陷模型(PDM)计算了钝化膜上点缺陷的密度及扩散率。结果表明:Cl-浓度的增大,钝化膜上自腐蚀电流增加,弥散系数及膜电阻减小,点蚀加剧;在-0.5～0.5V电位区间,钝化膜表现为n型半导体性质,膜中点缺陷为氧空位和阳离子间隙,溶液浓度的增加,会造成钝化膜内点缺陷浓度和扩散系数的增大。本实验对Cl-破坏钝化膜的微观机理研究有一定参考价值。     

地热水温度变化对不锈钢管道腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱的方法,探究温度变化对316L不锈钢电极在模拟地热水溶液中腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明,316L不锈钢电极在55～75℃测试区间内均出现结垢现象.不锈钢电极表面结垢时间随温度变化显著,表现为随着温度的升高成膜时间先增加后减小.电化学结果显示不锈钢电极在65℃下具有最小的腐蚀电流密度、最大的腐蚀电...     

Cl-对N80油套管钢钝化膜半导体性能的影响

利用电化学阻抗谱技术研究了N80油套管钢在0．05mol／L NaHCO3溶液中所成钝化膜的电化学性能，借助于莫特-肖特基曲线分析了成膜电位、测试频率以及Cl^-浓度对钝化膜半导体性能的影响．结果表明：钝化膜呈n型半导体特征；随着成膜电位的增加，膜的容抗和施主密度减小；随着Cl^-浓度的增加，膜的容抗和施主密度增加，膜的点蚀现象加剧．X射线光电子光谱（XPS）分析结果表明，钝化膜主要由Fe的氧化物Fe2O3和FeO组成．     

钝化预处理对316L不锈钢在漂液中电化学腐蚀性能的影响

采用电化学测试、SEM分析等方法,研究了316 L不锈钢在质量分数为30%的浓硝酸溶液及98%硫酸+20 g/L硝酸钾混合液两种钝化剂预处理后的特性,以及在ClO2漂液中的电化学抗腐蚀性能。结果表明,316 L不锈钢在25℃、30%硝酸介质中处理30 min时抗点蚀能力ΔE可达到773 mV,钝化效果较好。EIS图谱表明:316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中具有双容抗弧特征,钝化处理容抗弧半径较未钝化的增大,处理后的316 L不锈钢在60℃出现了Warburg阻抗;钝化膜的外层电阻和内层电阻均比未钝化的大。经钝化处理后的316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中的受腐蚀速率较未钝化的降低近一半,与钛材相比耐蚀性较差,但能在一定条件下起到减缓腐蚀的作用。     

Cl~-对690合金腐蚀电化学行为的影响

采用动电位极化、电化学阻抗、动电位电化学阻抗谱和电容测量等方法研究了690合金在一回路模拟溶液中的电化学行为.极化曲线结果表明:690合金在两种溶液中都存在较窄的钝化区间,在0.5V出现二次钝化现象.电化学阻抗表明,690合金在不含Cl-溶液中的阻抗模值较大,而随Cl-的加入阻抗模值变小.动电位电化学阻抗谱表明,随扫描电位正移,钝化膜在两种溶液中具有相似的变化趋势,动电位电化学阻抗谱与动电位极化曲线完全对应.690合金在0.2V下形成的钝化膜的Mott-Schottky曲线测量表明,溶液中Cl-使得钝化膜中的施主和受主密度增大.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-