钦州市钦江入海排污口邻近海域沉积物重金属污染评价

对钦州市钦江入海排污口邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属的富集状况进行分析,并采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法进行评价。结果表明：5种重金属的平均含量分别为Cu（17.0×10-6）、Pb（14.3×10-6）、As（7.63×10-6）、Cd（0.14×10-6）、Hg（0.044×10-6）。沉积物质量评价结果表明：各种重金属的潜在生态危害指数大小顺序为Hg〉Cd〉As〉Pb〉Cu,均属于低潜在生态危害的范畴。     

六安市城区饮用水源水重金属健康风险评价

对六安市城区饮用水源水中的重金属污染物进行了调查研究,应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险模型对引起的健康风险度做了初步评价。结果表明,重金属污染物中的非致癌物质所引起的健康风险度较低,在10^-7和10^-10之间,均远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平,风险水平大小次序为Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg,锌的风险度最大;但致癌物质所构成的健康危害较高,其中,Cd和Cr平均个人年风险度分别达到了5.476×10^-6和3.677×10^-5,Cr所造成的平均个人年风险非常接近ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平,可知Cr致癌风险极大,应优先管理。     

开封市污水处理厂污泥中重金属形态分布及其潜在生态风险评价

以开封市西区(A)、东区(B)污水处理厂脱水机出泥口污泥为实验材料,用H2O2-王水体系进行微波全量消解,采用化学试剂分布提取法(Tessier法)来研究两类污泥中6种重金属的水溶态、酸溶态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态5种化学形态分布特征,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)检测其中的Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn的含量和形态分布,并利用地累积指数、单因子污染指数和潜在生态危害指数法对两种污泥中重金属农用可能带来的潜在风险进行了综合性评价.实验结果表明,A污泥中Zn含量超过了(GB 18918-2002)农用土壤使用限值,其他重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Mn含量均符合国家农用控制标准,B污泥中6种重金属含量均低于农用标准,但两座污水处理厂污泥中6种重金属含量远远高于开封市潮土背景值.Tessier法提取实验结果表明,A、B两厂的污泥中重金属的形态分布相似,Cu、Pb和Cr主要以有机物结合态形式存在,对环境的风险是累积性的,Zn和Mn主要以还原态的形式存在,生物潜在危害性较大,Ni在5种形态的分布差异不大,Cr的残渣态在5种形态中所占比例最高,酸溶态含量均低于20%,6种金属的迁移性顺序:Zn>Mn>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr.地累积指数评价结果表明,A、B两厂污泥中,Zn潜在环境风险较高,Cu危害程度均为中等风险,Pb为偏中度污染,而Cr、Ni、Mn基本不产生环境风险.单一金属风险Eir评价法表明,Cu为中等风险,其他金属属于低风险.潜在生态危害指数评价法表明,A、B两种污泥的RI值均小于120,属于低风险.因此,A、B两厂的污泥在农用前必须对重金属进行无害化和稳定化处理.     

佛山市农村饮用水中重金属的健康风险评价

初步评价了佛山市农村生活饮用水源水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害.按照美国国家环保署(USEPA)推荐的方法,建立了水环境污染健康风险评价模型,并对佛山市A村的生活饮用水中砷(As)、铬(Cr6+)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和硒(Se)6种重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险评价,做出初步评价.结果表明,上述6种重金属的总的健康风险为7.39×10-5·a-1,其中致癌物健康风险为7.39×10-5·a-1,非致癌有毒化学物健康风险为2.19×10-10·a-1,其中,在致癌污染物中Cr6+是最主要的健康风险因素.水体中致癌重金属引起的健康风险的大小顺序为Cr6+AsCd,非致癌重金属引起的健康风险的大小顺序PbHgSe.结果显示致癌重金属的健康风险值是非致癌物质的105倍,说明致癌物质对人体的危害远大于非致癌物质.致癌物质Cd、As、Cr6+的健康风险平均值以Cr6+最大.     

兰州市城关区街尘重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及环境风险评价

对兰州市城关区地表灰尘中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd 5种重金属的质量分数及存在形态进行分析研究.结果表明:兰州市城关区街尘中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd的质量分数分别是8.568×10~(-5)、2.274×10~(-4)、9.636×10~(-5)、9.478×10~(-5)、8.40×10~(-7),均高于世界、中国、兰州市土壤元素背景值,但在全国范围内处于中等偏下水平.商业区Cu、Pb、Cr质量分数最高,居民区Zn、Cd质量分数最高,各功能区之间街尘重金属元素的质量分数不存在显著差异.Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr在街尘中主要以残渣态形式存在,Cd以铁锰氧化物形式占比最高.5种重金属的生物有效性为CdZnCu、CrPb.潜在生态风险评价法结果表明商业区、居民区和高校校园街尘重金属达到中等水平潜在生态危害,其中Cd污染贡献最大.     

铜尾矿库下游土壤重金属分布及风险评价

以华北地区最大的铜尾矿库——山西省中条山十八河铜尾矿库为研究对象,测定了铜尾矿库坝体及其下游河道两侧表层土壤(0～20 cm)中6种重金属(Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、Zn、Pb)的含量,分析了土壤重金属含量特征以及与土地利用类型的关系,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法和人体健康风险评价模型对土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险及人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明:1)研究区土壤重金属污染较重,Cu、Cr、Cd、Pb分别达到了我国土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准筛选值的2.03、1.62、2.90、6.85倍,Ni、Zn未超标;2)铜尾矿土壤中Cu的浓度分布呈现出明显的距离效应,即随着与铜尾矿距离的增加,其浓度逐渐减小;其他重金属并未表现出明显的距离递减效应,却均表现出明显的土地利用方式差异,农田土壤中的Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd含量都处于一个相对较低的水平。3)研究区潜在生态风险为很强生态危害,Cd和Pb表现为很强生态危害,Cu为中度生态危害,Ni、Cr、Zn为轻度生态危害。4)研究区土壤中Cr和Pb对人体有一定的非致癌风险,另外,Cr通过吸入土壤颗粒物途径可能产生一定的致癌风险。     

泉州湾沉积物重金属形态特征及生态风险

用改进的BCR四步连续提取法,分析泉州湾潮间带表层沉积物中9种重金属的赋存形态.结果表明,Mn主要以弱酸溶态存在,Pb,Cu主要以可还原态存在,而Fe,V,Cr主要以残渣态为主,重金属的迁移性顺序为Mn>Pb>Cu>Co>Zn>Ni>Cr>V>Fe.潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,Cu,Ni生态危害程度较高,Zn,Pb生态危害程度较低;Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,Pb 5种重金属元素的综合潜在生态风险水平较高.     

兰州市部分蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险评价

对购自当地市场的8种蔬菜中Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cd5种重金属的含量进行检测,并采用美国环保局(EPA)推荐的建康风险评价模型对蔬菜重金属污染所引起的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明:叶菜类中5种重金属含量均高于瓜果类和根茎类,Cu、Pb和Cd的含量上瓜果类高于根茎类,而Zn和Ni的含量根茎类高于瓜果类.除韭菜外,其他蔬菜的重金属含量在单项污染指数及综合污染指数两水平上均小于0.7,韭菜的Pb含量超过国家卫生标准的1.01倍.风险评价表明食入蔬菜中重金属含量最高的韭菜所引起的整体健康风险为1.094×10-7a-1,远远低于国际防辐射委员会(ICRP)的标准.     

珠江广州段微表层和次表层水中重金属分布与风险的初步评价

2009年2月至7月对珠江广州段4个站位的微表层与次表层水中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的质量浓度进行调查研究,并对健康风险作了初步评价.结果表明:珠江广州段水体均不同程度地受到6种重金属的污染;除Zn以外,微表层对其余5种重金属均具有较强的富集作用;通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,微表层平均总致癌风险为1.7×10-4.a-1,是次表层平均总致癌风险1.5×10-4.a-1的1.1倍,是国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5.a-1的3.4倍;总致癌风险(As、Cd和Cr)约占总风险的99.8%,远高于总非致癌风险(Cu、Zn和Pb)的0.2%,控制含Cr和As废水的排放是降低该河段重金属污染物健康风险的有效途径.     

广西茅尾海海水和表层沉积物中重金属污染的调查及评价

2011年10月从钦州茅尾海采集19个海水样品和16个沉积物样品,利用原子吸收光谱仪和原子荧光分光光度计测定钦州茅尾海表层沉积物中6种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As)含量,采用单因子指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法对海水及表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险性进行分析和评价.结果表明:该海域海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As的含量(μg/L)变化范围分别为0.9～4.2、0～12.8、0～59.8、0.03～0.34、0～0.105、0.23～0.82,平均浓度(μg/L)分别为2.2、2.3、17.4、0.13、0.047、0.43,其中,海水中的Pb平均含量超过国家一类海水水质标准,各种重金属单因子污染程度依次为Pb＞ Hg＞Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞As.表层沉积物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As的含量(μg/L)变化范围分别为(2.1～46.5)×10-6、(13.9～34.0)×10-6、(21.4～114.1)×10-6、(0.06～0.40)×10-6、(0.001～0.126)×10-6、(3.77～19.63)×10-6,平均含量(μg/L)分别为18.1×10-6、26.3×10-5、56.7×10-6、0.19×10-6、0.056×10-6、9.60×10-6.该海域重金属综合污染程度和潜在生态风险性均较低,重金属元素污染程度Cu＞ As＞Pb＞Cd＞ Zn＞ Hg,重金属元素对海洋生态系统潜在危害的影响程度Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn,沉积物中主要潜在生态风险因子为Cd、Hg.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-