蜻科部分种类Cytb基因序列比较及系统发育分析(蜻蜒目:差翅亚目)

从分子生物学角度入手,以mtDNA的Cytb(Cytochrome b)基因作为分子遗传标记,用昆虫Cytb基因的特异性引物进行PCR扩增及DNA测序,共获得蜻蜓目差翅亚目蜻科7属8种(基斑蜻Libelluladepressa,黄蜻Pantala flavescens,庆褐蜻Trithemis festive,晓褐蜻Trithemis aurora,纹蓝小蜻Diplacodestrivialis,网脉蜻Neurothemis fulvia,六斑曲缘蜻Palpoleura sex-maculata,玉带蜻Pseudothemis zxmata)及2种外群(黄翅绿色螅Mnais auripennis,华艳色螅Neurobasischinensis)的Cytb基因部分序列(576 bp).这8种蜻蜓Cytb基因的部分核苷酸序列(长度为576 bp)中碱基T,C,A,G的平均含量分别为37.0%,18.3%,31.3%和13.4%,A T平均含量为68.3%,明显高于G C平均含量(31.7%).密码子第3位点的A T平均含量较高,为81.0%,碱基替换多发生在密码子第3位点.以束翅亚目的黄翅绿色螅和华艳色螅作为外群构建系统发育树,结果显示玉带蜻属与褐蜻属、脉蜻属与曲缘蜻属的亲缘关系较近.     

秦岭地区中华蜜蜂5个地理种群翅形态差异的几何形态测量学研究

翅是昆虫飞行的重要器官,其形态与生态环境密切相关。采用几何形态测量学方法对秦岭地区中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)5个地理种群前后翅的形态进行量化,运用规范变量分析法(CVA法)和聚类分析法研究了其变化规律。结果显示:(1)前后翅形态存在明显的种群差异。基于CVA分析发现秦岭南部的佛坪种群和旬阳坝种群翅型较为相似,秦岭北部的长安种群和太平森林公园种群翅型较为相似,朱雀种群前后翅形态特殊,划归不同的类群,可能是过渡种群。(2)聚类分析结果与CVA结果一致。长安种群均位于拓扑结构的基部;前后翅聚类结果差别主要表现在朱雀森林公园种群的位置变化,该结果间接支持其为过渡种群。因此,可推测秦岭地区复杂的自然环境已经促使中华蜜蜂形成了明显的种下形态分化。上述结果为研究中华蜜蜂种质资源及种下进化提供了依据。     

蜻科部分种类Cytb基因序列比较及系统发育分析（蜻蜓目：差翅亚目）

从分子生物学角度入手，以mtDNA的Cytb（Cytochrome b）基因作为分子遗传标记，用昆虫Cytb基因的特异性引物进行PCR扩增及DNA测序，共获得蜻蜓目差翅亚目蜻科7属8种（基斑蜻Libellula depressa，黄蜻Pnntala flavescens，庆褐蜻阢thernis festive，晓褐蜻研themis aurora，纹蓝小蜻Diplacodes trivialis，网脉蜻Neurothemis fulvia，六斑曲缘蜻Palpoleura sex-maculata，玉带蜻Pseudothemis zonata）及2种外群（黄翅绿色螅Mnais auripennis，华艳色螅Neurobasis chinensis）的Cytb基因部分序列（576bp）．这8种蜻蜓Cytb基因的部分核苷酸序列（长度为576bp）中碱基T，C，A，G的平均含量分别为37．0%，18．3％，31．3％和13．4％，A＋T平均含量为68．3％，明显高于G＋C平均含量（31．7％）．密码子第3位点的A＋T平均含量较高，为81．0％，碱基替换多发生在密码子第3位点．以柬翅亚目的黄翅绿色螅和华艳色蟪作为外群构建系统发育树，结果显示玉带蜻属与褐蜻属、脉蜻属与曲缘蜻属的亲缘关系较近．     

银川地区蜻蜓目昆虫多样性分析

于2006年5月至9月在银川地区选取了5个不同样地,采用Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Jaccard相似性指数等对蜻蜓目(Odonata)昆虫多样性进行了研究.结果共获得蜻蜓标本827号,隶属2亚目6科16属24种,其中差翅亚目(Anisoptera)4科10属17种,均翅亚目(Zygoptera)2科6属7种;种类个体数量表现为蜻科种类最丰富(占物种总数的54.2%),秋赤蜻个体数量最多;秋赤蜻(Sympetrum frequens)、白尾灰蜻(Orthetrum albistylum)、黄蜻(Pantala flavescens)、红蜻(Crocothemis servilia)、长叶异痣蟌(Ischnura elegans)、蓝纹蟌(Coenagrion dyeri)等为优势种.多样性分析显示,军区农场物种丰富度指数最高,宝湖地区最低;物种多样性指数由高到低依次为水洞沟地区、军区农场、西湖地区、鹤泉湖地区、宝湖地区.群落相似性分析表明,环境异质性与蜻蜓多样性呈明显的正相关.     

张掖国家湿地公园蜻蜓目多样性初步调查

为了解张掖湿地蜻蜓目种类的分布状况,通过网捕法和目测法相结合对蜻蜓目昆虫进行野外调查,共采集蜻蜓标本834件,经鉴定分属于2亚目5科13属19种.其中差翅亚目(Anisoptera)3科9属14种,均翅亚目(Zygoptera)2科4属5种.采集的所有物种中,以蜻科种类最为丰富,其中褐带赤蜻(Sympetrumpedemontanum)个体数量最多,有127头,占采集总个体数的15.23%.根据种属间的数量等级结构比例关系、不同季节种群多样性指数和种群消长动态,对所调查的数据加以计算和分析.张掖湿地蜻蜓目昆虫种群的结构相对比较稳定,但在不同的生境中,数量分布有所不同;随着季节的变化,蜻蜓种群的多样性也随之改变,这种变化除与蜻蜓种群的生活史有关外,还与当地的气候变化特点相吻合.     

基于COII全基因序列对蜻科部分昆虫的分子系统发育分析(蜻蜓目:差翅亚目)

通过设计蜻蜓目COII全基因的非特异性引物,获得蜻科5亚科15属21种蜻蜓的21条COII基因全序列.采用Clustal X(1.8),MEGA 2.1,Phylip 3.6以及MrBayes 3.0等生物学软件对其进行分子系统学研究,结果显示,①蜻科COII的A+T含量非常低(69%),这与蜻蜓目是一比较原始类群的观点相一致;②蜻科COII全序列均含有2个半胱氨酸,这一点有别于其他类群;③各属内的种类基本聚在一起,大黄赤蜻与红蜻近缘而远离赤蜻属,褐蜻属与赤蜻属近缘,曲缘蜻亚科与赤蜻亚科近缘;④斜痣蜻亚科的进化速度相对较慢,蜻亚科与赤蜻亚科的进化速度稍快.     

六种蜻蜓触角感受器的研究

用扫描电镜研究了６种蜻蜓雌性成虫触角上的感受器，其中差翅亚目：蜻科４种（黄蜻、竖眉赤蜻、秋赤蜻、白尾灰蜻）；束翅亚目：科两种（长叶异痣、二色异痣）。蜻科（Ｌｉｂｅｌｕｌｉｄａｅ．）的４种雌性成虫都具有４种类型的感受器：锥状感受器、腔锥感受器，板状感受器和缶云状感受器。科（Ｃｏｅｎａｇｒｉｄａｅ）的两种雌性成虫具有三种类型的感受器：锥状感受器、腔锥感受器和组合腔锥感受器。这些感受器的数量分布及排列方式在科属之间具明显的区别，同属内种间区别也是明显的；同种内不同性别间的有些种无明显区别，有的种雌性感受器的数量较雄虫多     

八种蜻蜓触角感受器的研究（昆虫纲：蜻蜓目）

继续应用扫描电镜研究了８种蜻蜒：束翅亚目：科（长叶异痣、二色异痣显突）、扇科（白扇）、溪科（巨齿尾溪）、色科（透顶单脉色）；差翅亚目：蜻科（异色灰蜻、粗灰蜻）的触角感受器。其中蜻科（Ｌｉｂｅｌｌｕｌｉｄａｅ）的种类都具有四种类型的感受器：锥状感受器、腔锥感受器坛状感受器和板状感受器。在束翅亚目（Ｚｙｇｏｐｔｅｒａ）种类中，除了前两种感受器外，还有组合腔锥感受器，而坛状感受器及板状感受器数量则很少。这些感受器的数量和分布在亚目之间、科之间及属之间均具明显的区别，同属内种间区别也较明显。     

宁蒙地区蝗虫二新种（直翅目：蝗总科）

记述了采自宁夏和内蒙古地区蝗虫二新种．宽中域雏蝗Ｃｈｏｒｔｈｉｐｐｕｓａｍ－ｐｌｉｍｅｄｉｌｏｃｕｓｓｐ．ｎ．近似于Ｃｈ．ｃｈａｎｇｂａｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓＬｉｕ及Ｃｈ．ｈｏｒｑｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬｉｅｔＹｉｎ，其区别于两者为：颜面隆起全长具纵沟；触角中段节长为宽的２．５～２．６倍；前翅超过腹端；缘前脉域超过前翅的中部；中脉域宽大于肘脉域宽的７倍；雄性不具眼后带．鄂托克束颈蝗Ｓｐｈｉｎｇｏｎｏｔｕｓｏｔｏｇｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎ．近似于Ｓｐ．ｓａｌｉｎｕｓ（Ｐａｌａｓ），区别为：前胸背板后缘明显角形；前翅暗带之间的透明带宽度明显狭于后翅暗带的宽度；前翅中部暗带宽几与后翅暗带等宽；后翅暗纹不达内缘；后翅顶具三黑斑     

中国雏蝗属二新种记述（直翅目：网翅蝗科）

记述雏蝗属二新种,即额尔古纳雏蝗Chorthippus ergunaensis sp．nov．及宽前域雏蝗Chorthippus amplicosta sp．nov．．额尔古纳雏蝗近似于曲脉雏蝗Chorthippus flaxivanus Liu,1981及红胫雏蝗Chorthippus rufitibis Zheng,1989,其区别于二者为：1）前缘脉域宽为亚前缘脉域宽的2．5倍;2）中脉域与肘脉域等宽;3）后足胫节褐色;4）腹端部红色．宽前域雏蝗近似于黄腹雏蝗Chorthippus flavabdomen Liu,1981,主要区别为：1）雄性头侧窝长为宽的3．0倍;2）中胸腹板侧叶间中隔最狭处宽为长的2．0倍;3）前缘脉域宽为亚前缘脉域宽的3．0-4．5倍;4）中脉域为肘脉域宽的4．0—6．0倍,为前缘脉域宽的1．5倍,为径脉域宽的1．5倍;5）雌性前翅到达后足股节2／3处;6）雌性中脉域为肘脉域宽的3．0倍．模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室．     

十二种蜻蜓阳茎的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电子显微镜和光学体现显微镜研究了蜻科１２属１２种的阳茎。这１２种蜻蜓２分别是：异多多纹ｅｉｅｌｉａ ｐｈａｏｎＳｅｌｙｓ，玉带蜻Ｐｓｕｅｄｏｔｈｅｍｉｓ ｚｏｎａｔａ Ｂｕｒｍｅｉｓｔｅｒ，黄翅蜻Ｂｒａｃｈｙｔｈｅｍｉｓ ｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔａ Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ，斜痣蜻Ｔｒａｍｅａ ＶｉｒｇｉｎｉａＲａｍｂｅｒ，晓褐蜻Ｔｒｉｔｈｅｍｉｓ ａｕｒｏｒａＢｕｒｍｅｉｓｔｅｒ，锥腹蜻Ａｃｉｓｏ     

Micro and nano structures and morphologies on the wing veins of dragonflies

The surfaces of the veins of dragonflies (Pantala flavesens Fabricius and Crocothemis servilia Drury) wings are observed through SEM, and interesting micro and nano structures and morphologies are discovered. On the surfaces of the veins, not only ripple wave morphologies are distributed, but also spikes are grown. Besides, on the surfaces of the spikes, straight stripe wave morphologies are grown along the generatrix. These marvelous micro and nano structures and morphologies may enable us to better understand the remarkable flying abilities of dragonflies.     

Mimicking unfolding motion of a beetle hind wing

This paper presents an experimental research aiming to realize an artificial hind wing that can mimic the wing unfolding motion of AIIomyrina dichotoma, an insect in coleopteran order. Based on the understanding of working principles of beetle wing folding/unfolding mechanisms, the hind wing unfolding motion is mimicked by a combination of creative ideas and state-of-art artificial muscle actuator. In this work, we devise two types of artificial wings and the successfully demonstrate that they can be unfolded by actuation of shape memory alloy wires to provide actuation force at the wing base and along the leading edge vein. The folding/unfolding mechanisms may provide an insight for portable nano/micro air vehicles with morphing wings.     

Phylogenetic relationship and morphological evolution in the subfamily Limenitidinae （Lepidoptera： Nymphalidae）

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I （CO1） gene and the nuclear elongation factor 1 α（EF-1α） gene were sequenced from 29 species of Nymphalidae （Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera）. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the sequences determined from the 29 species and sequences of other 36 species deposited in GenBank using the neighbor-joining （NJ）, maximum likelihood （ML） and Bayesian methods with Libythea celtis （Libytheinae） as the outgroup. Our phylogenetic trees indicated four major clades. Clade A includes three subfamilies： Apaturinae, Nymphalinae, and Limenitidinae, excluding the tribe Limenitidini; Clade B includes the subfamilies Heliconiinae and the tribe Limenitidini; Clade C includes Satyrinae, Calinaginae, Charaxinae and Morphinae; and Clade D includes subfamily Danainae. Our study suggested that the tribes Pseudergolini, Biblidini, Limenitidini and Cyrestidini should be considered as subfamilies and confirmed the interspecific relationships within the subfamily Pseudergolinae, namely Amnosia ＋（Pseudergolis ＋ （Stibochiona ＋ Dichorragia））. We then mapped three morphological characters （spot of anal angle, eyespots, and process from outer margin of hind wing） onto the phylogenetic tree constructed by ML analysis using the combined sequence data. Based on this the evolutionary patterns of these morphological characters were identified, they indicated that the three characters evolved repeatedly in the family Nymphalidae.     

Multivariate coupling mechanism of NOCTUIDAE moth wings’ surface superhydrophobicity

The surface shape, structure, biomaterial and wettability of moth wings (10 NOCTUIDAE species) from the northeast region of China were qualitatively and quantitatively studied by means of a stereoscopic microscope, a scanning electronic microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and the interface contact angle measurement. The observation shows that there are scales arranged like overlapping tiles on the surface of the moth wings. The shapes of the scales are different between species. They overlap horizontally and there is particular space vertically in the direction of the wing veins. The surface of the scale is structured by micron-class grooves and nanometer-class vertical gibbosities. The biomaterial components of the moth wing scale are mostly made up of protein, lipids and chitin. The observation also shows that the contact angle for wings with scales is in the range from 144.8° to 152.9°, while that for those without scales is from 90.0° to 115.9°. It indicates that the surfaces of the wings with scales are more hydrophobic. According as Cassie model, the equation of wettability on the NOCTUIDAE moth wing surface is established and the hydrophobic mechanism is analyzed. It is concluded that the hydrophobicity of the moth wings is induced by the multivariate coupling of the shape, structures and biomaterial of the scales. Supported by the Key Research Project under the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 50635030), Specialized Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20040183048) and Graduate Student Innovation Foundation of JiLin University (985 Project) (Grant No. 20080210)     

蜻蜓柔性后翅模型的气动效能分析

为探究柔性材料对蜻蜓滑翔时气动特性的影响,通过数值仿真的方法,研究杨氏模量为3800 MPa,泊松比为0.18的三维柔性蜻蜓后翅模型在不同雷诺数和迎角滑翔时的气动效能和气动力作用下的结构变形.结果表明:柔性蜻蜓后翅在气动力的作用下会产生明显的弯曲扭转变形,且变形程度随着雷诺数和迎角的增大而增大,其中该扭转变形会使蜻蜓滑翔的实际迎角减小;由于产生了使迎角减少的扭转变形,使得在迎角为5°～30°滑翔时,升力系数减少了9％ ～45％,失速迎角增大10°以上;小迎角滑翔时,升力系数随速度增大而减小,大迎角滑翔时,升力系数与速度无明显相关性;大迎角滑翔时,在气流分离和柔性蜻蜓翼大角度扭转的作用下,上翼面的负压区向后缘移动,增加了负压区面积,增大了失速迎角,有利于提高蜻蜓飞行时的机动性.可见虽然柔性材料虽然会牺牲蜻蜓滑翔时的气动效能,但有助于蜻蜓高速大迎角飞行,提高了蜻蜓的机动性.     

基于PsbA-trnH,RbcL和trnL-F序列的野生葡萄系统发育

采用PCR技术从湘西地区的3种野生葡萄中分离PsbA-trnH、RbcL和trnL-F基因片段,克隆至pMD18-T载体中测序,结合GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ中公布的其他葡萄科植物相应cpDNA基因信息,使用Mega4构建系统发育进化树,分析其系统发育关系.结果显示,PsbA-trnH,RbcL和trnL-F这3种cpDNA基因序列均能用于葡萄科属间的分子鉴定,但结果与传统形态学分类存在一些差异,RbcL能用于葡萄属内种间的分子鉴定.     

北京鳞毛蕨属孢子形态研究

本文利用扫描电子显微镜对北京产鳞毛蕨属4种植物孢子形态特征进行了详细观察，其孢子周壁纹饰在种间有着显著差异，为其系统分类和孢粉学研究提供依据     

蜻蜓捕食婚飞红火蚁的初步观察

报道了黄蜻(Pantala flavescens Fabricius)对婚飞红火蚁的捕食作用。蜻蜓聚集在婚飞红火蚁的蚁巢上方捕食婚飞红火蚁,平均17只?巢.次,最多40只蜻蜓同时出现于一个婚飞的蚁巢上方。距离地面5 m以下,蜻蜓对婚飞红火蚁的捕食率平均为85.66%,捕食行为主要发生在距离地面3 m以下。捕到婚飞蚁后,蜻蜓立即取食其腹部,丢弃其余部分。蜻蜓这种捕食行为与红火蚁的婚飞同时出现在降雨天气之后的1~2 d内。