妫河下游消落带植物群落优势种种间关系研究

应用2×2列联表的χ2检验和Spearman秩相关系数的计算分析,对妫河下游消落带22个优势植物种共231个种对的种间关系进行了研究.结果表明,χ2检验有41个种对呈显著或极显著正关联,5个种对呈显著或极显著负关联;而秩相关表明,有57个种对呈显著或极显著正相关,13个种对呈显著或极显著负相关.也就是说,大多数种群之间关系松散.Spearman秩相关检验用于表征种间关联具有较高的灵敏度.按照22个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素,将其划分为3个生态种组,即水生植物种组、湿生植物种组和中生植物种组.     

山西吕梁山南端植物群落优势种种间关系研究

运用χ2检验、Jaccard关联指数、Spearman秩相关系数对山西吕梁山南端植物群落22个优势种,231个种对的种间关联和相关进行测定,结果表明,呈显著和极显著关联和相关的种对数所占比例较低,22个优势种划分为5组,同一组内的种类,资源利用方式和生境要求比较类似,而不同组间则表现出明显的差异性。研究结果清楚的反映了优势种种间关系以及它们在群落构建,资源利用和生态位上的差异。     

山西省石灰岩山地优势种的种间关联性分析及其生态组的划分

研究了山西省石灰岩山地群落的物种组成及其种间关系,为其植被的恢复提供进一步的理论依据.在对其群落进行样方调查的基础上,采用χ~2检验、 Pearson相关性检验、 Spearman秩相关性检验等数量分析方法,对山西省石灰岩山地中的28个优势种共378对种间关系进行了种间关联性研究,并用聚类分析的方法对其进行了生态种组的划分.结果表明,山西省石灰岩山地群落优势种间大多呈正关联,群落处于较高层次的稳定阶段;在χ~2检验、 Pearson相关性检验、 Spearman秩相关性检验中,种间的正负关联比依次为8,0.8,1.08.依据Pearson相关性检验,采用组间联接的聚类方法,可将28个优势种分为3个生态组,其中最佳组合为生态组Ⅰ,其次为生态组Ⅱ和生态组Ⅲ.     

内蒙古草原优势种群种间关联特征分析

物种间的相互关系是群落的重要数量和结构特征之一,对于认识群落的组成和动态具有重要的指导意义.在内蒙古草原194个野外调查样地的基础上,基于2×2列联表及物种重要值,通过方差比率法分析、χ~2检验,Pearson相关分析和Spearman秩相关分析,探讨了重要值较高的15个优势种群、105个种对间的关联性.结果表明:(1)与χ~2检验、Pearson相关分析相比,Spearman秩相关具有更高的灵敏度,推断其更适合大尺度种间关系的分析;(2)方差比率法分析显示15个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈显著正关联,群落整体上处于较稳定的阶段;(3)χ~2检验、Pearson相关分析及Spearman秩相关分析三种方法的正负关联比分别为0.78、0.44、0.67,种间负关联为主是环境需求的不相似性与种间竞争共同作用的结果;(4)依据Spearman秩相关结果,划分为3个生态种组,主要体现了对水分需求的差异.     

山西灵丘自然保护区青檀群落木本植物种间关联性

通过方差分析、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数检验,采用2×2列联表对灵丘青檀自然保护区14个优势种的联结性进行了研究.结果表明:14个优势种种间总体关联性呈显著正联结,群落处于较稳定的顶级阶段.χ2检验,显著、极显著的关联种对只有13对,优势物种青檀与其他种群联结不显著.Pearson相关系数检验,显著、极显著关联的种对有23对,青檀与荆条呈显著正联结,与其他多数物种呈显著、极显著负联结.Spearman秩相关系数检验,显著、极显著关联的种对有30对,青檀与其他多数物种呈显著、极显著负联结.物种间对生境具有不同生态适应性和相互分离的生态位,群落成熟程度较高.     

关帝山撂荒地植物群落种间关系数量分析

根据野外52个样方的调查数据,运用2×2列联表的χ2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了山西关帝山撂荒地植被31个建群种和优势种种间关联和相关关系.结果表明:1)χ2检验有227个种对呈正关联,231个种对呈负关联,正负关联比为0.9827,显著种对占总对数的7.26%.Pearson相关分析检验14个种对呈极显著相关,15个种对显著相关.Spearman秩相关系数检验201个种对呈正相关,其中极显著的种对有10个,正相关显著的种对有24个,占总对数的7.32%;263个种对呈负相关,极显著的种对8个,负相关显著的种对28个,占总对数的7.74%.正负相关比为0.7643,显著种对占总对数的15.05%,群落优势种种间多呈不显著关联.2)按照31个建群种和优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素,它们被划分为2个生态种组:芦苇组和早熟禾组.3)关帝山撂荒地植物群落以退耕还林的先锋物种为主,表明植物群落处于森林植被恢复的初期演替阶段.     

岑王老山常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落优势种种间联结性与种间相关性分析

种间联结及种间相关性能够反映植物群落中物种间的关系和群落的稳定程度,对植被的恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等具有重要的意义和价值。本研究基于岑王老山1hm2样地中胸径大于1cm的每木调查数据,采用方差比率法(VR)、种间联结(AC)系数、Ochiai指数、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数以及PCA排序,对群落中13个优势树种的种间联结性和种间相关性进行分析,并进行生态种组的划分。结果显示:(1)群落总体呈现显著正联结,表明群落正处于演替的稳定阶段;(2)种间联结性与种间相关性分析中的正负关联比均未超过1,但达到显著正关联的种对数明显大于达到显著负关联的种对数,说明群落整体联结性与群落中达到显著关联的种对数关系更为密切;(3)相关性检验中虽然结果相似,但Spearman秩相关检验的结果更为灵敏;(4)生态种组的划分与相关性检验表现出一致性,说明物种的生态学特性以及对资源的利用方式对其种间关系具有较大的影响。     

皇甫川流域植物优势种间关系数量分析

运用X2检验和Pearson相关系数和Spearman 秩相关系数检验分析了皇甫川流域植物群落中20个优势种的种间关系.结果表明:X2检验中31个种对为正关联,27个种对为负关联(p<0.05或p<0.01,下同),Pearson相关系数有16个种对为正相关,13个种对为负相关;Spearman 秩相关系数有36个种对呈正相关,27个种对呈负相关.分析表明优势种间具有一定的联结性,但存在相当独立的分布格局.根据测定结果将20种植物分为3个生态种组.     

山西黄刺玫群落灌木层优势种种间关联性研究

通过野外调查,选取黄刺玫群落122个样方的20种优势物种,运用多物种方差比值（VR）,χ2检验,OI指数,AC值以及Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数对其进行了种间关联分析.结果表明：该群落内物种整体关联性表现为负关联不显著;负关联的种对数远大于正关联的种对数,呈显著关联和极显著关联的种对数所占比例较小.这说明黄刺玫群落不稳定,群落内存在激烈的竞争,群落处于演替的初期.20个物种种对关系表现出了不同的性质,这可能是群落内环境异质性所致.种间关联的研究可以反映出由物种生态特征所形成的有机联系,研究结果对黄刺玫群落的保护与利用有一定的指导意义.     

南方红豆杉群落种间关系的数量分析

应用方差比率(VR)、2×2列联表的χ2检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了山西南方红豆杉群落种间关系.结果表明:(1)南方红豆杉群落物种间总体上相关联(P<0.05).(2)2×2列联表的χ2检验共87 个种对为正关联,18个种对为负关联(P<0.05或P<0.01);Pearson相关系数有59个种对为正关联,29个种对为负关联;Spearman 秩相关系数有95个种对为正关联,62个种对为负关联.(3)用2×2列联表的χ2检验不能反映两个种对的数量关系,应用 Pearson相关系数和Spearman 秩相关系数刻化种对间的数量变化关系,与Pearson相关系数检验相比,Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度.(4)种对的正关联和正相关,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性,对生境的需求相似;而种对间的负关联和负相关,主要是由于它们具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性或相互竞争所致.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.