一种新型三氯化铝固载型烷基化反应催化剂

烷基化反应为Friedel-Crafts反应的一种，多数是在具有路易斯酸性的AlCl3催化作用下完成的．但由于AlCl3具有腐蚀性，在空气中难以保存等缺点，使其应用受到了限制．为解决上述问题，人们对其固载化进行了长达50多年的研究．研究的重点是将AlCl3固载到，γ-Al2O3和SiO2等载体上或研制代替AlCl3的烷基化反应催化剂，如以HCl，HgCl2活化金属铝作催化剂，或在微量AlCl3存在下，铝作为烷基化反应催化剂.     

催化剂颗粒处于内部部分润湿状态下的反应特性研究

将吸附与反应相结合,从实验和理论两方面研究了催化剂颗粒内部部分润湿分率对化学反应速率的影响.通过研究加温加压下苯和环己烷在γ-Al2O3和Pd/γ-Al2O3上的吸附、气相苯加氢反应动力学、液相苯加氢反应动力学以及催化剂颗粒内部部分润湿状态下的反应动力学,得出了内部润湿分率与反应速率的数学关联式.实验结果表明,催化剂颗粒内部部分润湿下的反应速率存在滞后环,即反应速率与操作方式有关.通过误差分析,验证了数学关联式的准确性.     

复合载体对Ni基甲烷化催化剂性能的影响

通过对Ni基甲烷化催化剂的不同复合载体进行研究发现:与纯γ-Al2O3载体相比,由ZrO2,MgO,SiO2,TiO2与γ-Al2O3复合形成的复合载体,均对CO甲烷化催化性能有一定影响,而以γ-Al2O3/MgO,γ-Al2O3/SiO2两种复合型载体对CO甲烷化活性和选择性促进最为明显。同时,γ-Al2O3/MgO复合载体表现出良好的热稳定性,催化剂活性衰减小。     

固载化聚乙二醇树脂合成新法

报导了在温和条件下用聚合物固载聚乙二醇的新方法,并讨论了各种因素(反应方式,催化剂、碱源等)对反应的影响.固载化聚乙二醇的结构用红外光谱鉴定.     

乙撑碳酸酯和乙烯撑碳酸酯-甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯共聚物交联载体的胺解反应研究

研究了乙撑碳酸酯和乙烯撑碳酸酯－甲基丙烯酸－β－羟乙酯共聚物交联载体与正丁胺、乙醇胺和二乙醇胺之间的胺解反应动力学。根据动力学曲线获得了乙撑碳酸酯与三种有机胺在不同反应条件下发生胺解反应的速率常数。对聚合物载体与有机胺反应的产物进行了红外谱图分析和元素分析，并计算了每克聚合物载体固载有机胺的量，发现该类聚合物载体分子上的环碳酸酯基易于在温和条件下与胺基发生开环反应，从而为载体的酶固载化提供了可靠的依据。     

燃煤烟气脱硝催化反应动力学研究

利用固定床催化反应器进行了连续流动条件下的烟气脱硝反应宏观动力学研究,分别在Cu-ce-la/HZSM-5催化剂和Cuo/γ-Al2O3催化剂上完成了实验数据的测定,在常压和最佳反应温度下,利用积分线性化方法估算了该反应总级数为2级。利用O2的浓度改变实验数据,确定了该反应的分级数,在还原剂N2浓度过量情况下,O2和NO都为一级反应。利用线性回归求得了Cuo/γ-Al2O3催化剂上450℃下的宏观反应速率常数。     

β—环糊精及脱氧胆酸的固载化研究

借助反应溶胀剂,将氯甲基化交联聚苯乙烯分别与β－环糊精,脱氧胆酸接枝而固载化,采用扫描电镜,红外光谱,差热－热重分析等方法对固载物作了表征,研究结果表明,固载化反应发生在固载体的氯甲基和被载体的羟基间,形成醚基团得到的固载物热稳定性有所增强,相变点亦通过固载迁向高温区,取得较满意固载效果。     

超声强化纳米固体碱催化大豆油酯交换制备生物柴油的动力学

以大豆油为原料,以纳米KF/γ-Al2O3为催化剂催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油;考察超声和机械搅拌对酯交换反应的影响,并在酯交换反应机理的基础上探讨超声强化纳米KF/γ-Al2O3催化酯交换反应动力学.研究结果表明:机械搅拌下纳米KF/γ-Al2O3催化大豆油酯交换反应在反应初始阶段是拟二级反应,而后为一级反应,后期转为零级反应,反应初期的反应活化能Ea为21.03 kJ/mol,指前因子K0为846.49 L/(mol·min):超声强化纳米KF/γ-Al2O3催化酯交换反应动力学过程与常规法的动力学过程基本一致,反应初始阶段为拟二级反应,而后转为一级和零级,反应初期的K0为76.33 L/(mol·min),活化能Ea为12.99kJ/mol,该活化能比机械搅拌下酯交换反应的略低,表明在超声作用下,酯交换反应更容易进行;超声强化酯交换反应速率常数比常规方法的高,从而反应能够短时间内达到平衡.     

SO_2对NO催化氧化过程的影响 I.载体的作用

研究了载体在 SO2 影响 NO催化氧化过程中的作用 ,考察了反应温度为 42 3 K时 ,γ-Al2 O3、Zr O2 、Ti O2 和 Si O2 4种载体及其负载的 Pt催化剂对 NO的氧化性能 ,与 SO2 存在下的 NO反应活性相比 ,只有 γ-Al2 O3及其负载的 Pt催化剂上存在 SO2 促进 NO氧化的现象。运用 BET、XRD、IR及固体酸度测定等多种表征手段 ,对不同载体在反应前后的化学结构和表面性质进行了分析 ,并与反应过程相联系 ,证实 SO2 的吸附改变了γ-Al2 O3的表面结构 ,有利于产物 NO2 的脱附 ;而对 SO2 吸附能力较弱的其他载体或催化剂 ,SO2 的影响则不同     

硅胶固载钛酸酯的制备及其对酯化反应的催化研究

以四氯化钛和不同物质的量比的2-乙基己醇反应,然后与硅胶作用制备了硅胶固载化催化剂.合成条件用正交试验进行了优化.结果表明:最适宜反应条件为钛醇物质的量比为1∶3;反应温度120℃;反应时间2h;理论固载量为20%.测定了固载钛酸酯的钛含量,并用IR对固载催化剂进行了初步表征.以不同物质的量比固载催化剂进行了苯甲酸和2-乙基己醇酯化反应的催化研究,同时与未固载钛酸酯进行了对比,发现固载催化剂活性明显降低,其中以钛与醇物质的量比1∶2制得的固载催化剂效果较好.经5次催化剂重复使用试验,表明硅胶固载催化剂具有很好的稳定性,重复使用性能良好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-