四参数速度分析法及其在垦71区三维转换波处理中的应用

胜利油田垦71地区多分量地震数据采用微型机电系统(MEMS)数字检波器采集,受转换波的非对称路径和各向异性的影响,剖面中非双曲同相轴广泛存在.传统的速度分析法基于各向同性理论,动校正时无法把同相轴拉平.为了实现同相轴的同相叠加,利用不同偏移距的动校正信息估算不同的参数,提出了一种新的四参数速度分析法.四参数指转换波叠加速度vC2、垂直速度比γ0、等效速度比γeff和转换波各向异性系数xeff.应用该方法对胜利油田垦71地区三维多波资料进行了处理.结果表明,该方法处理效果较好,且对该地区多分量资料的成像质量及PP波与PS波同相轴的相关性也有很大的改进.     

三维多分量资料处理关键技术进展

与纵波地震资料相比,由于多分量资料的矢量特征、各向异性和转换波传播路径非对称性,因此需要一套特殊的资料处理技术,解决多波地震资料处理中的难题,同时发挥矢量波场的优势,从而改善三分量地震资料处理的质量.利用多分量的矢量特征、偏振特征以及面波特征,压制随机和相干噪声,进行纵波和横波的波场合成与分离.针对转换波非对称传播路径问题,提出转换波共反射面元计算、建立近地表浅层横波速度模型的解决方案,从而解决转换波共反射面元和转换波静校正问题.各向异性对转换波的影响比纵波更加明显,因此如何从多波资料中反演各向异性参数,消除各向异性参数对成像质量的影响至关重要.在这个处理环节中,建立了4参数各向异性反演方法,实现转换波各向异性动校正和各向异性叠前时间偏移处理.同时在国内最早提出和实现了转换波弯曲射线各向异性叠前时间偏移技术,改善偏移能量的聚焦性,降低成像剖面低频化现象.     

HTI介质横波正常时差速度反演

具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性（HTI）介质模型是用来描述含有平行垂裂缝油气藏最简单方位各是性介质的模型，针对任意各向异性程度的HTI介质水平反射界面，提出了D－剖面的概念，并由此得到任意方位角（测线方向与主轴方向的夹角）的转换波正常时差（NMO）速度公式，在多波多分量勘探中，利用P－P，P－S1，P－S2方位变化的动校正速度，可以建立S1波，S2波的速度和各向异性参数，其中包括与裂缝密度关系最为密切的Thomsen参数γ，数值实例计算表明，对于中等各向异性程度的HTI介质，可以利用P－P波和转换波动校正速度公式较精确地计算出S波正常时差速度，这为使用多波多分量资料进一步反演Thomsen参数γ提供了可靠的依据。     

HTI介质横波正常时差速度反演

具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性 (HTI)介质模型是用来描述含有平行垂直裂缝油气藏最简单方位各向异性介质的模型。针对任意各向异性程度的HTI介质水平反射界面 ,提出了D 剖面的概念 ,并由此得到任意方位角(测线方向与主轴方向的夹角 )的转换波正常时差 (NMO)速度公式。在多波多分量勘探中 ,利用P P、P S1、P S2方位变化的动校正速度 ,可以建立S1波、S2波的速度和各向异性参数 ,其中包括与裂缝密度关系最为密切的Thomsen参数γ。数值实例计算表明 ,对于中等各向异性程度的HTI介质 ,可以利用P P波和转换波动校正速度公式较精确地计算出S波正常时差速度 ,这为使用多波多分量资料进一步反演Thomsen参数γ提供了可靠的依据。     

方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法研究

对于裂缝性储层 ,应用纵波和转换波资料提取波场特征参数 (如速度 ,振幅 )反演的裂缝走向、裂缝密度等参数来研究裂缝。基于纵波震源三分量地震资料 ,提出了方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法。对经过压缩后的转换波剖面及纵波剖面进行速度反演 ,获得了裂缝参数 ,其中包括与裂缝密切相关的各向异性系数γ和描述潜在气藏的裂缝密度参数。综合利用P波、转换波的各向异性 ,可以更客观、更准确地预测介质的裂缝 ,实际资料应用证实该方法可行。     

方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法研究

对于裂缝性储层,应用纵波和转换波资料提取波场特征参数(如速度,振幅)反演的裂缝走向、裂缝密度等参数来研究裂缝。基于纵波震源三分量地震资料,提出了方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法。对经过压缩后的转换波剖面及纵波剖面进行速度反演,获得了裂缝参数,其中包括与裂缝密切相关的各向异性系数γ和描述潜在气藏的裂缝密度参数。综合利用P波、转换波的各向异性,可以更客观、更准确地预测介质的裂缝,实际资料应用证实该方法可行。     

一种PS波与PP波反射时间匹配方法

 多波多分量地震资料解释中, 反射纵波与转换横波反射时间关系是影响地震储层预测的关键因素之一。该文在前人研究工作基础上,提出了利用转换波叠前道集进行纵横波速度比提取及纵波与转换横波反射时间匹配处理方法。模型资料计算结果表明,文中所述方法可以直接由转换波道集计算得到横波速度、纵横波速度比等参数,应用这些参数可实现纵波与转换波反射时间匹配处理。该方法具有一定的计算精度,特别适合于水平层状地层多波多分量资料处理。     

VTI介质三维VSP多波联合叠前AVA岩性参数反演方法及应用

三维三分量(3D 3C) VSP属于地下地震勘探方法,三维三分量VSP地震资料合有深度和丰富的地层岩性信息,有地面地震不可比拟的优势.为了发挥和应用三维三分量VSP资料的优势,提高油气勘探的成功率,需要反演出准确的岩性及弹性参数,用于精确预测储层、识别流体性质.以各向异性介质(VTI)弹性波传播理论为基础,研究多波精确振幅特征方程(AVA),并在此基础上建立了三维各向异性介质VSP多波联合叠前AVA反演岩性参数理论和方法.该方法利用对3D 3C VSP资料处理的NMO道集,直接反演地层纵波速度、横波速度、密度及2个各向异性系数,在此基础上可进一步计算得到地层的弹性参数,这些参数对岩性及流体识别有重要作用.这套纵横波联合叠前反演方法适应直井及斜井3D 3C VSP资料,并经实际斜井3D 3C VSP资料处理,得到了与实际储层吻合的反演结果,证明了该方法的正确性和有效性.     

非双曲线动校正方法及应用

针对常规走时双曲线方程依据偏移距小于或等于反射界面深度的假设，以至于不适合长电缆的大偏移距和多覆盖次数采集方式的地震资料速度分析及时差动校正处理，提出了长排列非双曲线反射同相轴的动校正(NMO)方法，并且首次用于南海地震资料处理。该方法通过在常规时移双曲线方程引入2个NMO参数，即不均匀性参数s和各向异性参数η，使走时方程满足长电缆采集数据处理要求。模型试算及实际数据处理结果显示，大偏移距及陡倾角处的道集得到拉平，叠加后的剖面成像更清晰、信噪比更高。     

基于Sinc插值与相关谱的纵横波速度比扫描方法

在多分量地震技术中，准确地求取出纵、横波速比（γ）是多分量资料处理、反演、解释各环节中的一个重要步骤。由于地下同一层位具有相同的波阻抗比，因此该层位的反射纵波和反射转换波相互关联，纵横波速比与时间比存在相互转化关系。基于Sinc插值算法与相关系数谱分析的纵横波速比扫描方法是通过设置一系列γ，利用Sinc插值算法将纵波拉伸后与转换波进行互相关，当互相关系数达到最大时即可求出相应的γ。理论数据和实际资料的测试，验证了该方法的有效性、准确性和实用性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.