先进核电厂概率安全分析探讨

随着核电技术的不断发展与应用,概率安全分析技术已广泛应用于核电厂工程实践中.轻水堆核电厂的概率安全分析技术已发展得相当成熟,而先进核电厂的概率安全分析工作正在不断展开.本文试图对传统PSA技术应用于先进核电厂过程中可能遇到的问题进行探讨,首先从传统的轻水堆核电厂概率安全分析框架谈起,追溯其成因,然后基于先进核电厂的安全特性提出现有概率安全分析技术应用过程中遇到的问题,最后以高温气冷堆的概率安全分析为例提出先进核电厂概率安全分析的建议.     

Experimental Simulation on Transit Process of the 5MW Nuclear Heating Reactor

实验在５ＭＷ核供热堆全尺寸，全参数模拟回路ＨＲＴＬ－５上进行，指出供热堆从常温，常压条件向沸水运行工况的过渡要经过三个步骤：１）通过加不凝气体Ｎ２来增加初始压力，这一措施能有效地消除低压下的ｇｅｙｓｅｒｉｎｇ和闪蒸不稳定；２）在此压力下用小于极限功率密度的功率密度值０．１５ＭＷｍ－２加热反应堆至单相压水运行工况１．５ＭＰａ，此举可控制加热段出口温度低于产生汽泡的起始温度，进而避免了低干度密度波的发生；３）从压水向沸水工况的过渡。研究了三种从压水向沸水过渡方法，在此基础上提出用小功率，低欠热度向沸水过渡的方案，此方案可保证过渡过程中的流动稳定性。通过仔细地选择热工参数，可以得到５ＭＷ供热堆从冷态到沸水工况的稳定启动过程。此结果对研究两相流稳定性，对供热堆的设计和安全有重大意义。     

1，1′─［四甲基二硅撑］双（环戊二烯基三羰基钨配合物）的合成及反应

１，２－二环戊二烯基四甲基二硅烷与丁基锂作用生成［四甲基二硅撑］双（环戊二烯基负离子盐），后者随即与六羰基钨反应形成１，１－［四甲基二硅撑］双［环戊二烯基三羰基钨负离子盐］，（Ｍｅ２ＳｉＳｉＭｅ２）·［Ｃｐ′（ＣＯ）３Ｗ－］２·２Ｌｉ＋（Ｉ）．（Ｉ）分别与六种卤化物反应，生成在钨原子上引入取代基的产物：（Ｍｅ２ＳｉＳｉＭｅ２）．［Ｃｐ′Ｗ（ＣＯ）３Ｒ］２，（Ｒ：Ｍｅ，Ｃ２Ｈ５，２；ＰｈＣＨ２，３；ＣＨ２ＣＯＯＣ２Ｈ５，４；ＣＨ３ＣＯ，５；Ｐ３ｈＳｎ，６）．（Ｉ）用醋酸处理后，随即分别与ＣＣｌ４，ＮＢＳ及Ｉ２作用，生成相应的钨卤化物，（Ｍｅ２ＳｉＳｉＭｅ２）［Ｃｐ′Ｗ（ＣＯ）３Ｘ］２，（Ｘ：Ｃ１，８；Ｂｒ，９；Ｉ，１０），（Ｉ）与Ｆｅ３＋／Ｈ３Ｏ＋作用发生氧化偶联，生成双核Ｗ－Ｗ键产物（Ｍｅ２ＳｉＳｉＭｅ２）［Ｃｐ′Ｗ（ＣＯ）３］２，１１．（Ｃｐ′＝Ｃ５Ｈ４）     

在清华大学屏蔽试验堆上实现硼中子俘获治疗

硼中子俘获治疗（ＢＮＣＴ）是中子治癌研究中的一个重要课题。将清华大学屏蔽试验堆（９０１堆）的１＃孔道改建成ＢＮＣＴ的治疗孔道实现硼中子俘获治疗。为估价孔道改建的可行性，利用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ程序进行了计算，并同实验和ＳＮ计算方法的结果进行了对比。其结论是功率为１ＭＷ的９０１反应堆１＃孔完全可以满足ＢＮＣＴ的要求，超热中子通量达１０９ｃｍ－２ｓ－１。     

200MW供热堆堆芯结构抗震试验模型设计的若干问题

为了保证 ２００ ＭＷ供热堆堆芯结构在地震时的完整性、控制棒通道在地震时畅通，和供热堆的抗震安全，有必要进行全尺寸的堆芯单元模型的抗震试验。从 ２００ ＭＷ供热堆堆芯结构的特点出发，研究了模型设计的原则和动力学相似的问题，重点对堆内支承，燃料组件和锆盒等重要部件的动力学简化原则进行了阐述，利用有限元法分析了堆芯结构的动力学特性，讨论了试验模型和计算模型的关系，以及支架的设计问题，为台架试验打下了基础。通过本研究，不仅可对供热堆设计方案的性能进行恰当的评价，而且可指出进一步改善设计使结构达到优化的方向，保证供热堆的安全运行。     

HTR-10 大破口事故下结构特性的瞬态分析

１０ＭＷ模块式高温气冷反应堆（ＨＴＲ－１０）的热气导管压力壳的双端断裂事故属假想极限事故。当热气导管断裂后,高压的一回路冷却剂气体（３ＭＰａ）通过破口向堆舱猛烈喷放,一回路迅速卸压,并形成强卸压冲击波。利用了改进后的Ｋ－ＦＩＸ（ＦＬＸ）程序,对该事故下冷却气体喷放过程中堆体内主要结构部件（压力壳左支承、堆芯壳支承、堆芯壳）的安全特性进行了瞬态分析。通过计算,给出了破口处的压力瞬变、流量瞬变和堆芯壳上下两端的压差瞬变,以及在卸压冲击波作用下堆芯壳的膜应力和弯曲应力。最后,利用计算分析定量地给出了大破口极限事故下ＨＴＲ－１０的堆体主要结构部件的安全系数。结果表明,即使在极限事故下,ＨＴＲ－１０堆体结构仍有良好的安全特性。     

β-九钨锰杂多配合物异构体的合成及催化活性研究

报道了ＡβＭｘＨｙ［ＭＷ９Ｍｎ３（Ｈ２Ｏ）３Ｏ３７］·ｎＨ２Ｏ（Ｍ＝Ｓｉ，Ｇｅ，Ｇａ；Ｍ＝Ｂｕ４Ｎ＋，Ｋ＋）的合成方法并对ＩＲ、ＵＶ、磁化率以及催化活性等进行研究。     

深水池式低温供热堆的设计研究

介绍了深水池式供热堆（ＤＰＨＲ）的设计特点，给出了 １２０ ＭＷ供热堆的主要设计参数、投资估算和运行成本。并详细分析了 ＤＰＨＲ的优良安全性能，指出这是一种结构简单、造价低廉、具有固有安全性能的堆型。     

钨,钼羧酸合过氧配合物的合成及性质研究

引进能和钨酸钼形成稳定的五元环的羧酸类配体，制得了十种新的稳定的钨，钼羧酸赤氧配合物：（ＮＨ４）２「ＭＯ（Ｏ２）２（Ｃ２Ｏ４）」（Ｍ＝Ｗ或Ｍｏ）；（ＮＨ４）「ＭＯ９Ｏ２）２Ｌ」．２Ｈ２Ｏ和（ＮＨ４）４「Ｍ２Ｏ２（Ｏ２）４（Ｃ４Ｈ２Ｏ６）」．４Ｈ２Ｏ。测定了这些氧配合物固体的Ｒａｍａｎ和ＩＲ光谱以及水溶液的Ｒａｍａｎ光谱，并对配位结构进行了探讨，研究了这些过氧配合物的热稳定性。     

医用堆与池式供热堆耦合建造的概念研究

正在试验和研究中的硼中子治疗术（ＢＮＣＴ），要求设计专用反应堆，以适应大规模治疗的需要。在反应堆用于低温核供热的研究中，简单、安全、无压力的池式堆能够满足城市供热的需要，而池式堆又可提供廉价的辐射能。所以提出了一种新的池式耦合堆的设计，将ＢＮＣＴ及成熟的医用放射性同位素的生产相结合，建造功率为１２ＭＷ的医用堆。医用堆与１２０ＭＷ核供热堆耦合建造，建设投资较低。辐射和供热综合利用，医用堆的核燃料成本大为下降。这种低成本反应堆为这类专用堆的建设提供了良好的现实性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.