基于能量迭代模型和蜂群优化的异构无线传感器网络节能分簇路由算法

针对无线传感器网络节能分簇路由通信时存在数据传输节点死亡数量较多、传输能耗输出较大的问题,提出一种基于能量迭代模型和蜂群优化的异构无线传感器网络节能分簇路由算法.首先构建网络通信能耗模型,以缩减能耗为目标结合差分蜂群算法及时优化网络节点分布;然后基于网络节点分布优化结果,制定异构无线传感器网络节能分簇方法,使用能量迭代选簇方法确定簇头,获取簇头半径完成异构无线传感器网络的通信节点节能分簇;最后设定通信簇头节点与基站之间的距离,确定节点通信时的路由等级,并结合多跳的路由通信方式,实现异构无线传感器网络的节能路由通信.实验结果表明,利用该方法进行网络节能分簇路由通信时,数据传输节点死亡数量最多为22个,节点传输最大能耗为21 nJ/bit,表明该方法节点通信节能效果较好.     

一种适合长距离带状无线传感器网络的路由协议

针对长距离带状无线传感器网络的能耗不均、易出现“热区”等问题,本文提出一种适合长距离带状无线传感器网络拓扑结构的能量高效的路由协议ERPLDB。ERPLDB协议通过网络能耗模型中的能量消耗公式计算出各个簇的网络节点平均能耗, 并使各个簇内的网络节点平均能耗近似相等来进行非均匀分簇,使越靠近Sink节点的簇规模越小,从而有更多的能量转发远程簇传输过来的数据,尽量减少“热区”问题的出现。仿真结果表明,本文提出的ERPLDB协议能均衡长距离带状网络的能量消耗、有效延长网络的生命周期。     

能耗均衡无线传感器网络路由算法

针对现有无线传感器网络路由算法没有考虑数据接收能耗的问题,建立了一种考虑接收能耗的网络模型,在该网络模型基础上,提出了一种能耗均衡的无线传感器路由算法。该算法针对路径传输能力进行计算,通过设置能量阈值两次简化网络,设计了一个代价评估函数来重置能耗权值,以达到网络能量均衡消耗,并将该算法与CMAX算法应用于传感器网络数据采集和传输仿真。结果表明:网络在第一个节点失效时,该算法节点数据采集和传输次数比CMAX算法延长约4 000次以上,剩余能量减小20%左右;该算法更能保证网络有较长的生存期,并且可以保证能量均匀消耗和数据可靠传输。     

基于ASP.NET技术的无线传感器网络监控系统的设计

在TI公司CC2530芯片和ZigBee协议栈基础上,建立了一个简单的无线传感器网络(WSN)监控系统。由于无线传感器网络是一个多跳自组织网络,在网络运行中极易发生故障,因此需要一个监控系统随时监测网络节点的状态以及能耗情况。监控系统是基于ASP.NET技术的无线传感器网络监控系统能够实时监测节点状态及信息,并将网络拓扑结构动态展示出来,方便开发者和用户查看节点信息、监测节点状态,及时的发现网络故障。系统基于Web的B/S模式,运用ASP.NET和SQL Server2012数据库开发技术,实现了用户登录模块、修改密码模块,以及显示无线传感器网络网络拓扑结构、单个节点的节点信息以及能量消耗等模块。用户可以根据系统搜集的各类信息,实时掌握各个节点设备的状态信息和能耗状态,如若节点发生故障,可及时做出诊断。     

基于货运列车组的传感网节点负载建模分析

部署于货运列车组的无线传感器网络一般为线性拓扑,汇聚节点位于网络端部.由于网络的中间节点需要承担较多的传输任务,从而易导致能耗不均形成能量空洞,造成网络快速失效.对线型网络节点负载情况进行了建模以分析网络能耗分布,建立了节点和汇聚节点距离与节点负载的关系模型,并通过仿真实验证明了模型的正确性.模型能够在未来应用中对网络布设时的拓扑构建、路由协议定制等起到指导作用.     

超宽带无线传感器网络的能耗建模及其优化

在综合分析和考虑传感器节点收发机各个电路模块工作状态的基础上,首先对超宽带无线传感器网络进行精确的节点能耗建模,然后针对3种不同的调制方式和2种不同的传输模式,以最小化成功传输1 bit信息的平均传输能耗为目标提出最优数据帧帧长确定算法,最后通过仿真验证该算法的正确性.仿真结果表明,在保证网络业务服务质量的前提下(接收机处接收信号信噪比门限为12 dB),当传感器节点间距离较近(20m以内)时,可以适当地增大数据帧帧长以获取较大的吞吐量和较小的时延;当节点间距离较大(大于70 m)时,则需减小数据帧帧长以降低能量开销,并可以根据网络环境的状况和网络业务的要求,选择适当的调制方式和传输模式可以折中地同时实现能耗和时延最小化.     

矿井无线传感器网络非均匀分簇路由算法研究

针对矿井带状网络拓扑结构、信息流量不均衡、节点间能耗严重不均匀等问题,提出了一种矿用带状能耗均衡的非均匀分簇路由协议算法。该算法的簇首竞选机制综合考虑了节点与汇聚节点距离、节点能量及节点密度,同时充分降低了候选节点竞选时的计算量。实验表明,该算法有效的改善了矿井下无线传感器网络"热区"效应,降低了网络能耗和网络通信量,显著延长了网络存活时间。     

无线网络节点的太阳能最优利用效率

为了提高在无线传感器网络中太阳能电池供电节点的能量利用效率,研究了太阳能电池与无线传感器网络节点能量之间的供求关系.采用传感器网络节点能量的自适应供求算法,构建了在标准光强下太阳能电池输出功率与传感器网络节点所耗功率的自适应平衡模型.实验结果表明:该模型体现了太阳能电池与网络节点能量的自适应供求关系,确保了传感器节点长期稳定地工作,尽可能地延长了传感器网络的生存周期,为无线传感器网络节点能量的设计提供了理论依据.     

一种WSN中基于局部数据的压缩感知算法

当前,无线传感器网络的研究中最突出的是传感器节点的能耗问题.已有的无线传感器网络中的数据传输方式不仅能量浪费严重,而且网络的整体能耗不平衡,因此根据无线传感器网络所传输数据的特点,将改进后的压缩感知算法应用于其中.该过程中,压缩感知思想的应用大大减少了无线传感器网络中的数据传输次数,并保证每个节点的传输次数相同,这样不仅减小了节点能量的消耗,还维持了整个网络的能耗平衡.     

多路径网络编码的传输可靠性提高策略

为了提高无线传感器网络的传输可靠性,提出在中间节点选择性编码的多路径传输策略.该策略建立从源节点到汇聚节点的相交多路径,并在源节点对数据包进行编码后沿多路径传输,中间节点接收并转发编码包.如果中间节点是簇首节点,则需对数据包重新编码后再发送给下一跳节点.解析计算了路径的传输可靠性和标准化能耗,并对所提传输策略下的网络传输可靠性和能耗进行仿真.结果表明,所提策略使得网络的传输可靠性有所提高,而且能量有效性得到大幅改善.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-