正交试验优化提取紫草油中的紫草素

目的优化提取紫草油中的紫草素,确定最佳的提取方法。方法采用振荡法提取紫草油中的紫草素,分别以提取溶剂、提取温度、提取转速为主要影响因素,采用L9(34)正交试验进行紫草素提取工艺优化。结果紫草素的最佳提取工艺是提取溶剂为无水乙醇、提取温度40℃、提取转速200 r·min-1,提取时间10 min。结论该方法简单、可靠,适用于提取紫草油中的紫草素。     

微波法从绿茶中提取茶多酚的工艺研究

为了得到成本低、提取效率高、环保、节约的绿茶中茶多酚提取方法,以乙醇为提取剂,采用微波加热法从低档绿茶中提取茶多酚。研究了提取剂浓度、料液比、微波提取功率、微波提取时间、提取级数几个因素对茶多酚提取率的影响,获得了微波法提取绿茶中茶多酚的最佳提取条件。结果表明,采用50%乙醇溶液为提取剂,料液比(g/mL)为1∶9,提取功率设定为320W,提取时间18s,微波浸提2次,此提取条件下,绿茶中茶多酚提取率较传统提取法高,可达23.4%。该方法较传统提取方法工艺简单、成本低、提取时间短、节约能源,可广泛用于提取绿茶中的茶多酚。     

生姜精油提取及对大肠菌群的抑菌作用

为研究生姜精油的提取及对大肠菌群的影响作用,通过对提取时间、提取剂用量和浸泡时间做单因素试验,再以精油提取率为评判指标进行正交优化,确定了索氏提取法和常压蒸馏法的最佳提取条件。以抑菌圈直径为判定指标测定所提取的精油对大肠菌群的影响。结果表明:索氏提取法提取生姜精油的最优提取条件为提取剂用量12 mL/g,提取时间3.0 h和提取温度50℃;常压蒸馏法提取生姜精油的最优提取条件为提取剂用量20 mL/g,浸泡时间1.0 h和提取时间3.0 h。索氏提取法提取的生姜精油对大肠菌群的抑菌圈平均直径为73.66 mm;常压蒸馏法提取的生姜精油对大肠菌群的抑菌圈平均直径为25.48 mm。索氏提取法提取出的精油树脂抑菌效果好于常压蒸馏法提取的生姜精油的抑菌效果。     

甘草叶总黄酮提取工艺

为建立一种高效提取甘草叶中总黄酮的方法,对比研究了闪式提取、索氏抽提、搅拌提取、超声波提取4种方法对胀果甘草叶总黄酮的提取效果,并利用正交实验对总黄酮的闪式提取工艺进行了优化。结果表明：闪式提取法所用提取时间短,提取溶剂用量少,各因素对总黄酮提取效果的影响程度依次为固液比〉乙醇浓度〉提取时间,最佳提取工艺为固液比1：40,乙醇浓度70％,提取时间6min．闪式提取法是一种高效、快速提取甘草叶中总黄酮的方法。     

中药枳壳中柚皮苷和橙皮苷的提取方法研究

目的:采用正交设计法,对枳壳中的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的提取方法和提取工艺参数进行优化。方法:通过水浴回流、索氏提取、超声辅助提取、微波炉辅助提取四种提取方法的比较,其中水浴回流提取法采用L9(33)正交实验以提取溶剂、时间、温度为因素,每个因素选3个水平,以枳壳中的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的提取率来确定最优化的提取方法和提取条件。结果:水浴回流提取的优化条件是:溶剂为80%乙醇,温度为60℃,时间为40min.索氏提取优选95%乙醇,超声提取优选甲醇作溶剂。微波提取的最优化条件是,80%乙醇作溶剂,微波萃取仪功率400W,提取时间10min,温度40℃.结论:水浴回流提取法适用于作为生产制剂的提取,超声和微波提取法宜用于药物成分分析的提取。     

黄芪皂甙提取工艺的研究

用索氏提取法、微波提取法和超声波提取法3种方法对黄芪皂甙的提取进行了实验研究，结果表明，用微波法提取，加10倍量70％的乙醇，提取40min为最佳提取方法。考察了提取溶剂乙醇的浓度、用量及提取时间等对黄芪皂甙提取的影响，使用分光光度法测定提取物中黄芪皂甙的含量。     

油茶粕中茶皂素连续多级逆流水提工艺的建立

为提高油茶粕经济价值,充分利用油茶粕资源,以油茶粕为原料,采用热水连续多级逆流提取油茶粕中的茶皂素,优化了单级提取和连续多级逆流提取工艺参数。结果表明:单级提取的优化条件为提取时间85 min,提取温度80℃,料液比1:16 g/mL,油茶粕提取粒度60～100目。在单级提取基础上,确定连续多级逆流提取的优化提取级数为3级,每级优化的提取时间为20 min,此时得到的提取液中茶皂素的质量浓度为33.14 mg/mL,比单级提取质量浓度提高了1.23倍,提取时间缩短了29.41%,提高了提取效率。水溶液结合连续多级逆流提取,获得了质量浓度较高的茶皂素,并且缩短了提取时间,提取流程绿色环保,更易实现工业化生产。     

不同提取方法对金银花中绿原酸成分提取效果的影响

目的比较不同的提取方法对提取金银花中绿原酸的提取效果的影响,为金银花有效成分工业化提取提供选择依据。方法以水煎煮法、索氏提取法、醇提法、酸醇提取法、超声提取法等常见易行的几种方法对金银花中绿原酸进行提取,并以HPLC法对其含量进行测定。结果通过几种提取方法比较,以酸醇法提取率最高,索氏提取法提取率较酸醇提取法略低,但提取的杂质较少,综合考虑,以索氏提取法较优。结论索氏提取法提取率高且杂质少,操作简单,所需成本低,可用于工业化生产。     

虎杖减压沸腾提取工艺研究

为探索减压沸腾提取在中药虎杖提取中的优势,以白藜芦醇为考察指标确定虎杖减压沸腾提取的最佳工艺条件,比较减压沸腾提取与常压回流提取、超声提取和温浸提取的白藜芦醇得率、浸出物得率、透光率、蛋白质的含量、可溶性糖的含量以及DPPH自由基清除率。最终获得的减压沸腾提取的最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度70%、料液比1:10、真空度0.02 MPa、温度为50℃、提取时间1 h。与常压回流提取和超声提取相比,减压提取白藜芦醇得率高,透光率高,浸出物得率低,蛋白质、可溶性糖等杂质的含量低,DPPH自由基清除率高。结果表明,减压沸腾提取优于传统的提取方法,尤其对含热敏性成分中药材的提取有一定的借鉴意义。     

甘薯中清除不同自由基的活性物质提取条件的优化

在单因素试验基础上,利用正交试验,分别对甘薯中清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的两类活性物质的提取条件进行优化。结果表明,甘薯中清除羟自由基活性物质的最佳提取条件为:以水作为提取溶剂,提取剂用量45 mL/g,提取温度为45℃,提取时间2.5 h;甘薯中清除超氧阴离子自由基活性物质的最佳提取条件为:以无水乙醇作为提取溶剂,提取剂用量35 mL/g,提取温度为45℃,提取时间3.0 h。在以水作为提取溶剂的条件下,各提取因素对活性物质羟自由基清除效果的影响顺序由大到小依次为:提取温度、提取时间、提取剂用量,各因素对羟自由基清除率的影响均极显著(p0.01);在以无水乙醇作为提取溶剂的条件下,各提取因素对活性物质超氧阴离子自由基清除效果的影响顺序由大到小依次为:提取温度、提取剂用量、提取时间,各因素对超氧阴离子自由基清除率的影响均极显著(p0.01)。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

大肠杆菌pheA与tyrB基因的克隆与串联表达

为探讨用基因工程的手段改良苯丙氨酸的发酵菌株，采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）的方法，从大肠杆菌总ＤＮＡ中克隆得到了编码苯丙氨酸合成途中的两个关键酶基因－即分枝酸变位酶（ＣＭ）／预苯酸脱水酶（ＰＤ）基因ｐｈｅＡ与苯丙氨酸转氨酶（ＰＡＴ）基因ｔｙｒＢ，在大肠杆菌中进行了这两个基因的单个和串联表达。ｐｈｅＡ和ｔｙｒＢ基因分别都能在λ噬菌体的ＰＲ启动子之后得到较大量的表达，在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ上出现清晰的条带，     

四川溲疏属的分类研究 （Ⅱ）：种的简介及新分类群

介绍了四川溲疏属植物20种,5变种及1栽培变型,每种均有文献考证、学名订正、特征集要及产地和生境,新分类群D.leiboeneie P.He et L.C.Hu, D.piloea var.longiloba P.He et L.C.Hu,D.jinyangensis P.He eL L.C.Hu及D.longifolia var.deneitomentosa P.He et L.C.Hu均有详细拉丁文描述并附模式标本照片,还记录了两个四川省新分布种:D.bodiaieri Rehd.,D.rehderiana C.K.Schn.,对伞花亚组Subsect Cymosae Rehd.中建立的新系(Ser.Multiradiatae P.He,Ser.Pauciradiatae P.He)作了拉丁文补充描述。     

在Java技术之Servlet中实现文件的上载功能

Java这门编程语言以及相关技术的使用得到快速的增长;现在大约有700多万台计算机正在运行Java应用程序,有近100万的Java开发人员,世界上所有的企业中,几乎有一半正在开发 Java应用程序。Java成功的理由是很自然的,Java是真正与平台无关的,它是适合于任何操作系统的一种通用的编程语言;Java是完全面向对象的,这在软件工程和组件技术方面有了很大的进步;Java的安全模型是成熟的,这与其他容易感染病毒的模型系统形成了鲜明的对比。     

采用有限差分方法求解固体弹性应力场(英文)

为了采用全有限差分方法进行涡轮气热弹耦合计算,研究了固体弹性应力场计算的物理模型,给出了任意曲线坐标系下的控制方程.同时研究了定常问题的有限差分求解方法和边界条件的给定,编制了定常问题的应力场求解程序;并通过对具有解析解的受集中载荷的悬臂梁和一端受径向集中力的曲梁进行数值计算来验证该固体弹性应力场的求解方法.结果表明,边界条件的二阶精度处理的格式所得结果与解析解数据吻合得较好,而一阶精度格式结果与解析解有较大的误差.     

中国阳蝇属六异名记述(双翅目:蝇科)

阳蝇属是蝇科最大的属之一,迄今全世界已知阳蝇属约666种,分布于世界各大地理区。近年来对阳蝇属种团和类群的研究,发现在我国阳蝇属中存在一些异名问题。在我国阳蝇属已知226种中,发现小兴安阳蝇(Helina xiaoxinganna Xue,2001)、茂县阳蝇(Helina maoxianica Feng,2008)、后曲阳蝇(Helina postiflexa Xue,Feng& Tong,2008)、团宝山阳蝇(Helina tuanbaoshanica Feng,2007)、兴凯阳蝇(Helina xingkaihuica Feng& Ye,2007)和错那阳蝇(Helinacuonaica Feng&Xu,2008)等6个种存在同物异名问题,并根据模式标本及原始文献,指出了同物异名的理由,明确给予了订正。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to