低过冷度下单相合金凝固组织的细化与重新长大

通过改变试样质量和冷却规范,研究了过冷Cu-30％Ni(原子分数)单相合金在不同凝固时间下的组织转变规律.在实验所选择的几秒到数分的凝固时间内,均于较低的过冷度范围和高过冷度下观察到了粗大树枝晶向细小等轴晶的转变.延长凝固时间,晶粒发生细化的两个过冷度区间扩大.对低过冷度下细化组织进行的考察表明.快速凝固刚结束时,细化晶粒仍具有树枝晶的特征,随缓凝阶段持续时间的延长,晶粒逐步蜕化为球状晶和蠕虫状晶,与此同时,晶粒度以幂函数规律重新增大.过冷熔体快速凝固使初生固相含有过饱和的低熔点组元以及较多的晶体缺陷.最终导致快速凝固结束后形成的细小晶粒在缓凝阶段的重新粗化速度明显快于正常凝固过程中晶体的粗化速度.     

深过冷Fe-30%Co合金的组织演化

采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法，使原子分数Fe-30%Co合金获得了高达457K的大过冷度.系统考察了合金凝固组织随过冷度的演化规律.发现合金的凝固组织随过冷度的增大存在两次细化和一次粗化过程, 即在小过冷度范围内粗大树枝晶向粒状晶的转变和中等过冷度下局域定向枝晶的细化，而在大过冷度范围内随着亚稳枝晶核数目的增加,存在一个明显晶粒粗化的过程.     

Pb-15%Sb过共晶合金的深过冷及快速凝固

采用熔剂净化深过冷和洁净容器快速凝固方法,研究了Pb-15%Sb过共晶合金在不同凝固条件下的组织演变.在熔剂净化条件下,随着凝固过冷度△T的增大,初生相Sb的组织形貌由尖角块状向树枝晶转变并不断细化,Sb的宏观偏析减弱,实验测得的最大过冷度为73K;在洁净容器快速凝固条件下,计算获得的最大过冷度为196.2K,初生相Sb的结晶被完全抑制,凝固组织发生了完全的共生生长,出现了快速凝固超细化组织.     

双辊铸轧高速钢薄带的晶粒细化

主要介绍了W9Mo3Cr4V高速钢在双辊铸轧过程中的晶粒细化。薄带钢在铸轧过程中的冷却时间仅为0．2—0．3s，冷却速度很快，冷却速度已达到100—1000℃／s，因此，在快速凝固的过程中，液体金属获得了较大的过冷度，晶核的临界半径随过冷度的增加而减小，晶粒必然细化。另外，过冷度增大，晶核形核功减小,形核几率增大，也使晶粒细化。     

压缩形变大体积镁合金坯料半固态等温组织演变

研究了大体积AZ91D镁合金在SIMA法制备半固态浆料过程中组织的演变规律，并对半固态组织球状化演变的影响因素进行了分析．结果表明：合金在550℃等温处理时，α相在升温阶段就开始由树枝晶向团块状转变，随等温时间的延长再由团块状逐渐演变为多边形状，最后演变为球状晶；若等温时间过长，晶粒会发生合并长大；随着等温温度的升高，组织的球状化速度加快，相同等温时问下晶粒的平均尺寸减小；随着保温时间延长，晶粒圆整度明显改善；增加预形变量将促进半固态等温时枝晶形貌的转变，形变量越大的试样转变为球状晶的速度越快，所需时间越短。     

定向激发深过冷Fe81Ga19合金的组织特性

采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法制备过冷度分别为198、270、300K的Fe81Ga19合金,对不同过冷度的Fe81Ga19合金进行定向激发以获得具有轴向择优取向的棒材,并研究其显微组织和择优取向.结果发现:过冷度为198K的合金其凝固组织为细小的粒状晶或准球状晶,过冷度为270K的合金,晶粒尺寸增大,发生多边化转变,形态上表现为等轴晶,晶粒内部存在大量亚晶界;过冷度增加至300K的合金经定向激发后晶粒进一步粗化,晶粒呈一定的取向沿轴向方向排列.X射线衍射分析表明,深过冷Fe81Ga19合金经过定向激发后其凝固组织具有明显的〈110〉择优取向,其中过冷度为270K的合金定向激发后出现有利于磁致伸缩性能的〈100〉取向,并且衍射峰出现劈裂现象,DSC曲线在820℃左右出现一明显的吸热峰,对应于A2+修正DO3→A2的相转变,证明快速凝固的深过冷定向激发Fe81Ga19合金棒材中存在四方结构畸变的新的DO3相结构.     

Cu70Ni30过冷熔体凝固组织的粒化机制

在高真空下,采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法,在22～270 K过冷度范围内,研究了Cu70Ni30合金凝固组织形态演化过程.当过冷度AT大于临界过冷度△T3*(210 K)时,凝固组织由深过冷枝晶骤变为粒状晶,发生了组织粒化.组织观察及成分分析结果表明,该粒状晶的形成过程由两步组成:首先,在快速凝固过程中液固转变产生的应变能作用下发生了枝晶的碎断;然后,在表面能和应变能驱动下,碎断的枝晶块通过晶界移动,晶粒合并-再结晶完成第二类粒状晶的转变.     

液态Fe—Sb合金中枝晶生长规律研究

液态Fe-10％Sb合金在熔融玻璃净化和自由落体实验条件下,分别达到429K（0．24TL）和568K（0．32TL）过冷度．深过冷并没有改变合金的相组成,快速凝固组织中只有αFe单相固溶体．熔融玻璃净化实验研究发现,αFe枝晶生长速度随过冷度呈指数函数变化．当过冷度△T〈296K时,枝晶生长速度随过冷度增大而升高,并在296K过冷度处达到极大值1．38m／s．若合金过冷度进一步增大,αFe枝晶生长速度则呈现降低趋势．枝晶生长形态演变的主要规律是,小过冷条件下αFe相以粗大枝晶方式生长,而深过冷合金熔体中形成蠕虫状枝晶．溶质截留程度主要取决于实际枝晶生长速度而不是过冷度大小,同时也与冷却速率相关．由于其结晶温度间隔比较宽大,尽管快速枝晶生长显著抑制了溶质偏析,但是Fe-10％Sb合金仍难以实现完全无偏析凝固．     

深过冷Cu-Ni-Fe三元合金自定向快速凝固

利用熔融玻璃净化结合循环过热,在２５～３０４Ｋ过冷度范围,分析了Ｃｕ－３９％Ｎｉ－６％Ｆｅ（ｗｔ％）三元合金凝固过程过冷组织的演化规律。确定了负温度梯度下实现自定向凝固的过冷度条件：下限为能够抑制快速凝固过程中形成的枝晶熟化的最低过冷度,上限为快速凝固过程中枝晶不发生准球状化转变的最高过冷度;就研究的合金而言,过冷度范围为１１０～１８０Ｋ。在定向凝固的过冷度范围内,无需人为控制固液界面前沿的温度梯度,而且,以点触发试样端部,可以获得单晶     

熔体温度处理细化亚共晶Al-Si合金组织

利用正交试验的方法对熔体温度处理细化亚共晶Al-Si合金的凝固组织进行了研究，结果表明，经过熔体温度处理后，凝固组织中一次枝晶尺寸明显减小，长的树枝晶变为短的树枝晶或等轴晶，并且枝晶数量明显增多；二次枝晶臂间距变化不明显，从原子团簇的角度分析认为，这是由于高，低温熔体混合后，低温熔体中大的原子团簇得到细化，从而导致混合熔体中形核质点增殖的结果，研究同时发现，高，低温熔体的混合方式对熔体温度处理效果有直接影响，熔体的均匀混合有利于增大熔体凝固过冷度，减小临界晶核半径，促进凝固组织的细化。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that