斜井压裂大型真三轴模拟试验研究

通过大型真三轴模拟试验,研究了井斜角,井眼方位角、射孔方式对斜井压裂裂缝起裂压力、起裂位置及裂缝延伸规律的影响,得到了不同参数条件下裂缝起裂和延伸的直观认识。探索通过定向射孔形成一条平整大裂缝的途径,从而降低水力压裂地层的破裂压力,改善裂缝形态,提高压裂成功率,为优化斜井地层射孔方案及水力压裂设计提供依据。实验结果对于提高斜井水力压裂技术水平,改善压裂增产效果具有重要作用。     

水力喷砂射孔孔道裂缝起裂机理研究

与传统射孔工艺相比,水力喷砂射孔方法产生的地层孔具有孔径大、孔道长和孔数少特点。针对射孔孔道影 响压裂裂缝形态问题,开展孔道周围应力分布及起裂机理的研究工作。研究中采用三维有限元数值模拟结合室内实 验验证的方法,分别从布孔方式、射孔方位和水平井筒方位方面,揭示了水平井近井筒区域喷砂射孔孔道产生的3 种 裂缝形态。研究表明,压裂裂缝倾向于从射孔孔道根部位置起裂;水平井筒与最小水平主应力夹角小于30°,两层布孔 可在近井筒区域产生一条横向裂缝,螺旋布孔和对称布孔产生多条横向裂缝;纵向裂缝比横向裂缝更易于产生,形成 纵向裂缝与横向裂缝相结合的扭曲裂缝;水平井筒与最小水平主应力夹角大于80°,产生一条纵向裂缝,与喷砂射孔参 数无关。该研究可为水平井水力喷砂射孔及压裂合理施工提供理论指导。     

定向射孔水力压裂多裂缝形态实验研究

采用大型(试件尺寸：300 mm×300 mm×300 mm)真三轴水力压裂物理模拟实验系统,研究了定向射孔水力压裂人工水力裂缝起裂和形态的影响因素。研究结果表明：定向射孔方位角和水平地应力差对定向射孔水力压裂人工水力裂缝的起裂和形态影响巨大。定向射孔水力压裂形成的人工水力裂缝可能不是理想的平直双翼裂缝,而是双翼弯曲裂缝;在水平应力差和定向射孔方位角较大的情况下,容易形成由定向射孔方向和最大水平地应力方向多点同时起裂的非对称多裂缝系统或穿过微环面的双翼裂缝。提高原场地应力测量的精度和定向射孔的定向精度,将定向射孔方位角控制在较小角度,有利于避免产生形态复杂的人工水力裂缝,降低压裂施工难度和砂堵风险,改进压裂增产效果。     

致密油藏分段多簇压裂水平井电模拟实验研究

致密油储层物性差、天然裂缝发育,水平井技术和水力压裂技术是开发致密油的有效手段。微地震监测资料证明水平井分段多簇压裂后形成复杂的裂缝网络。基于水电相似原理,利用水电模拟方法,研究了致密油水平井开发不同压裂方式下的压力场特征,并对分段压裂水平井产能影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)分段多簇压裂水平井近井区等压线较面缝压裂更为平缓,远井区等压线主要由边界影响;(2)与面缝相比,分段多簇压裂的体积改造区域越大,压裂水平井产量越大;当体积压裂改造区域规模一定时,改造区域内的渗透率变化对压裂水平井产能影响较小。     

致密油分段多簇压裂水平井电模拟实验研究

致密油储层物性差、天然裂缝发育,水平井技术和水力压裂技术是开发致密油的有效手段,微地震监测资料证明水平井分段多簇压裂后形成复杂的裂缝网络。本文基于水电相似原理,利用水电模拟方法,研究了致密油水平井开发不同压裂方式下的压力场特征,并对分段压裂水平井产能影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）分段多簇压裂水平井近井区等压线较面缝压裂更为平缓,远井区等压线主要边界影响;（2）与面缝相比,分段多簇压裂的体积改造区域越大,压裂水平井产量越大;当体积压裂改造区域规模一定时,改造区域内的渗透率变化对压裂水平井产能影响较小     

压裂裂缝间距优化设计

在多裂缝压裂设计中,如何合理设置水力裂缝间距、最大限度形成缝网是储层改造过程中的关键问题.水力裂缝的形成会在裂缝周围产生诱导应力使得储层的应力差得到改善.根据单条水力裂缝诱导应力的解析解提出一种简便的裂缝间距设计方法,从而能最大限度促进复杂缝网形成.以平面二维水力裂缝的线弹性应力场为基础,采用应力叠加的方式来计算,通过调整水力裂缝间距将储层应力差缩小至能够形成缝网的范围以内,构建最佳的射孔簇间距.当单条水力裂缝净压力足以使原有水平主应力方向发生反转时,应力反转区的宽度即为最佳裂缝间距;当单条水力裂缝不足以使水平应力发生反转时,可通过两条裂缝间诱导应力的叠加协同效应,使得裂缝之间地层的水平地应力差降低至缝网形成的门限应力差以内,使中间新插入的裂缝能够形成网状裂缝,据此来进行缝间距优化;当进行多级压裂时,所有水力裂缝所产生的诱导应力可以依次相互叠加获得,然后进行裂缝间距优化;通过研究,提出储层改造的最佳裂缝距的计算方法,可为水平井多级压裂工艺参数的优化设计提供参考.     

水平井分段多簇压裂缝间干扰研究

水平井分段多簇压裂在现场得到了广泛运用,其压裂过程中普遍存在缝间干扰现象。缝间干扰有助于形成复 杂裂缝网络以提高储层导流能力,但是也会导致起裂困难,甚至形成砂堵。因此有必要对分段多簇压裂的缝间干扰问 题进行研究。对此,基于弹性力学建立了分析多簇裂缝诱导应力的数学模型,从起裂压力、裂缝宽度、簇间距等多方面 研究了缝间干扰对水平井分段多簇压裂施工的影响。模拟结果显示,诱导应力会导致起裂压力升高、裂缝变窄,严重 时将造成压裂施工失败。通过进行分析,给出了起裂过程及延伸过程中缝间干扰的影响关系。分析认为,利用缝间干 扰提高改造体积时应当控制簇间距防止对压裂施工造成负面影响。研究结论对优化水平井分段多簇压裂设计具有指 导意义。     

斜井水力压裂三维裂缝动态扩展数值模拟

斜井的近井筒效应较为复杂,若存在射孔相位误差,极易在地层和水泥环交界面处产生微环隙,引起较高的近井压降,甚至在微环隙内产生砂堵,造成压裂施工失败。对于斜井水力压裂裂缝三维几何形态的预测,一直是水力压裂领域的难题。本文采用黏弹性损伤cohesive孔压单元,考虑套管、水泥环、地层、射孔孔眼和微环隙对水力压裂的影响,建立了斜井的水力压裂三维裂缝形态的有限元模型。同时,考虑水力压裂过程中储层岩石渗透率和孔隙度的动态演变,对渤海湾地区20°井斜角的C5井开展了水力压裂裂缝动态扩展的数值模拟研究,计算得到的井底压力曲线与现场施工曲线一致。研究了斜井水力裂缝和微环隙的起裂和扩展机理。微环隙在水力压裂的初始阶段沿井眼周向和轴向同时起裂并扩展,随着水力裂缝的扩展而逐渐闭合,对于具有较复杂近井筒效应的硬地层大斜度井而言,微环隙的起裂和多条裂缝的产生,极易导致压裂失败。斜井水力裂缝近似两翼对称,易向地应力较小的盖层扩展,缝高较难控制。数值模拟结果为现场水力压裂的设计提供理论指导。     

斜井水力压裂三维裂缝动态扩展数值模拟

 斜井的近井筒效应较为复杂,若存在射孔相位误差,极易在地层和水泥环交界面处产生微环隙,引起较高的近井压降,甚至在微环隙内产生砂堵,造成压裂施工失败。对于斜井水力压裂裂缝三维几何形态的预测,一直是水力压裂领域的难题。本文采用黏弹性损伤cohesive孔压单元,考虑套管、水泥环、地层、射孔孔眼和微环隙对水力压裂的影响,建立了斜井的水力压裂三维裂缝形态的有限元模型。同时,考虑水力压裂过程中储层岩石渗透率和孔隙度的动态演变,对渤海湾地区20°井斜角的C5井开展了水力压裂裂缝动态扩展的数值模拟研究,计算得到的井底压力曲线与现场施工曲线一致。研究了斜井水力裂缝和微环隙的起裂和扩展机理。微环隙在水力压裂的初始阶段沿井眼周向和轴向同时起裂并扩展,随着水力裂缝的扩展而逐渐闭合,对于具有较复杂近井筒效应的硬地层大斜度井而言,微环隙的起裂和多条裂缝的产生,极易导致压裂失败。斜井水力裂缝近似两翼对称,易向地应力较小的盖层扩展,缝高较难控制。数值模拟结果为现场水力压裂的设计提供理论指导。     

砾岩三维缝网扩展及影响因素分析——以玛湖凹陷南斜坡上乌尔禾组为例

水力压裂技术已成为玛湖致密油田开发的有效手段.然而传统的压裂模拟方法无法得到真实的三维裂缝扩展规律,并且储层的物理特征对裂缝扩展的影响还有待进一步研究.对玛湖目的层上乌尔禾组进行压裂模拟并对裂缝延伸影响因素进行分析.结果表明,乌尔禾组弹性模量值域在18～58.5 GPa,平均为32.4 GPa.泊松比值域在0.21～0.38,平均为0.31.脆性指数在21.0～89.0,平均为44.3,压裂改造可形成多分支裂缝.水平井设计方向为南北向,水平应力差在4.2～9.8 MPa,储层容易压裂改造形成复杂缝网.缝网模拟与微地震监测裂缝吻合度高达92.03％,模拟效果理想.物性特征越好其裂缝延伸拓展范围越广.弹性模量与脆性指数越大,更利于裂缝延伸,裂缝主要向高深区域及强脆性指数区域延伸,泊松比与裂缝广度呈负相关关系.最大水平地应力和最小水平地应力间接影响裂缝拓展延伸,水平应力差越小,裂缝空间展布越大.针对人工缝网的模拟有利于优化玛湖1井区水平井压裂参数及开发参数.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.