空气阻力对挑流水舌的影响

随着水利水电建设和科研事业的发展,人们对挑流水舌的认识逐渐深入,发现按自由抛射体理论,不考虑空气阻力计算挑流水舌水平挑距和挑流轨迹与观测资料不相符,其误差可达30%以上。本文在分析影响挑流水舌运动因素的基础上,对挑流水舌在重力及空气阻力作用下的运动特性进行了探讨,得出了考虑空气阻力时水舌运动特性区别于按自由抛射体理论计算情况的若干结论,同时提出了考虑空气阻力影响的水舌水平挑距、水舌运动轨迹曲线方程和长度计算式。根据几个工程的原型观测资料提出确定空气阻力影响系数的表达式,同时按建议的水平挑距公式所得的计算值与原型观测值颇为接近。     

高拱坝深孔窄缝挑坎水舌空中运动特性及抛距计算

窄缝挑坎应用于高拱坝深孔后,其出射水流内外缘抛距是确定拱坝下游消能水垫塘长度的重要依据.结合窄缝挑坎应用于高拱坝深孔后的水舌空中运动特性,依据几何相似原理和自由抛射体运动原理,建立了其内外缘抛距的计算方法,计算结果同模型试验结果吻合良好.     

舌形挑流鼻坎水力特性研究

基于拱坝表孔泄洪的水槽实验,分析了舌形挑坎曲率和挑角的变化对水流横向扩散及下游水垫塘底板时均压力的影响。在不同泄流量和下游水深条件下,对不同曲率和挑角的舌形挑坎以及常规挑坎进行了比较研究。结果表明,水流经过舌形挑坎时流态稳定,水舌横向扩散明显。在挑坎末端高程相同的条件下,下泄流量较小时,曲率和挑角越大,水舌单宽流量的横向分布越均匀,水垫塘底板最大时均压力越小;大泄流量时,曲率和挑角不宜过大,以保证水舌扩散效果。     

泄洪洞出口扭曲斜切挑坎挑流数值模拟

采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型与VOF多相模型对扭曲斜切型挑坎进行水气两相流三维数值模拟,模拟了挑流水舌的空中形态,水舌挑距,水舌挑高,以及水舌速度分布、湍动能k与湍动能耗散率ε的分布情况.数值模拟成果与模型试验观测数据吻合良好,验证了该数值模拟方法的可靠性和合理性,可以为工程优化设计提供科学依据.     

高扩散低收缩差动坎高坎空中挑射水舌运动特性

采用k~ε双方程紊流模型,对高扩散低收缩差动式挑坎空中挑射水舌进行了三维数值模拟,给出了扩散高坎空中挑射水舌的扩散规律、流速分布等结果,并与连续式挑坎空中挑射水舌运动特性进行对比分析,二者趋势吻合很好.结果表明:扩散高坎水舌沿程空中垂向扩散规律满足线性分布,其扩散厚度比连续式挑坎小;扩散高坎水舌截面速度分布规律与连续式挑坎相似,均近似符合正态分布,但速度沿水深方向较连续式分布更均匀.     

多股挑、跌流水舌作用下基岩冲刷平衡深度

分析了多股挑、跌流水舌在水垫中扩散的水力特点 ,提出多股水舌在完全混合扩散区能量汇聚 ;以卡里巴、塔贝拉等工程原型冲坑资料为准 ,引入基岩抗冲水深 ,提出多股挑、跌流水舌作用下冲坑水深的估算方法 ;用小湾表、中孔多股挑、跌流作用下的试验值进行比较 ,表明预报公式可行。研究成果供水垫塘设计参考     

溢洪道贴角斜挑坎挑流水舌水力特性研究

溢洪道出口挑坎体型的设计会依据工程的需求而有所不同.通过模型试验和数值模拟结合的方法,将常规的斜切式挑坎与加贴角的斜切式挑坎的水舌形态、水舌挑距、挑高、水舌及下游紊动能和紊动能耗散率进行比较分析,得出了加贴角后斜挑体型的新的特征.对于狭窄河道大交角溢洪道,加贴角斜切式挑坎能够使挑流翻转偏向一侧,有利于挑流的归槽,减小了入水宽度和对单侧岸坡的冲刷,且挑流在空中运动时紊动剧烈,砸落水垫时紊动能耗散迅速,有利于下游消能防冲.     

古田双口渡水电站整体水工模型试验研究

由于双口渡水电站的溢流坝泄洪单宽流量大及下游河床狭窄且地质条件较差,原初步设计中担心其 溢流大单宽泄洪对水舌挑距及两岸稳定性的不利影响,挑射水舌受径向集中的强烈影响会对下游河床产生 的严重冲刷等问题．为此本水工试验除了验证泄流能力、水面线及流速分布等常规试验内容外．着重研究 分析溢流拱坝大单宽泄洪对水舌挑距及两岸的不利影响程度,同时重点研究挑射水舌受径向集中的强烈影 响对下游河床产生的严重冲刷问题,并采取一定的工程措施,最大限度地减轻下游河床冲刷,确保拱坝安 全泄洪．     

高拱坝挑流水舌左右碰撞作用下河床基岩冲刷平衡深度的数学模型

应用紊动射流理论和水流动量方程,建立了高拱坝挑流水舌左右碰撞作用下,考虑水舌空中扩散三维性、漏碰流量以及碰撞能量损失的河床基岩冲刷平衡深度的数学模型。试验验证模型是合理可行的,对高拱坝挑流水舌碰撞作用下的水垫塘设计和应用具有参考意义。     

窄缝挑坎上最大压力的计算

本文通过试验,首先描述了窄缝挑流的水舌流态;其次根据对一般曲面上水流运动特性的分析,提出了水平底板、挑角为零度的窄缝挑坎上最大压力的计算公式。计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。最后,还对窄缝挑坎底板及侧墙上压力分布的计算进行了探讨。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.