微波法从绿茶中提取茶多酚的工艺研究

为了得到成本低、提取效率高、环保、节约的绿茶中茶多酚提取方法,以乙醇为提取剂,采用微波加热法从低档绿茶中提取茶多酚。研究了提取剂浓度、料液比、微波提取功率、微波提取时间、提取级数几个因素对茶多酚提取率的影响,获得了微波法提取绿茶中茶多酚的最佳提取条件。结果表明,采用50%乙醇溶液为提取剂,料液比(g/mL)为1∶9,提取功率设定为320W,提取时间18s,微波浸提2次,此提取条件下,绿茶中茶多酚提取率较传统提取法高,可达23.4%。该方法较传统提取方法工艺简单、成本低、提取时间短、节约能源,可广泛用于提取绿茶中的茶多酚。     

正交试验优化提取紫草油中的紫草素

目的优化提取紫草油中的紫草素,确定最佳的提取方法。方法采用振荡法提取紫草油中的紫草素,分别以提取溶剂、提取温度、提取转速为主要影响因素,采用L9(34)正交试验进行紫草素提取工艺优化。结果紫草素的最佳提取工艺是提取溶剂为无水乙醇、提取温度40℃、提取转速200 r·min-1,提取时间10 min。结论该方法简单、可靠,适用于提取紫草油中的紫草素。     

甘草叶总黄酮提取工艺

为建立一种高效提取甘草叶中总黄酮的方法,对比研究了闪式提取、索氏抽提、搅拌提取、超声波提取4种方法对胀果甘草叶总黄酮的提取效果,并利用正交实验对总黄酮的闪式提取工艺进行了优化。结果表明：闪式提取法所用提取时间短,提取溶剂用量少,各因素对总黄酮提取效果的影响程度依次为固液比〉乙醇浓度〉提取时间,最佳提取工艺为固液比1：40,乙醇浓度70％,提取时间6min．闪式提取法是一种高效、快速提取甘草叶中总黄酮的方法。     

生姜精油提取及对大肠菌群的抑菌作用

为研究生姜精油的提取及对大肠菌群的影响作用,通过对提取时间、提取剂用量和浸泡时间做单因素试验,再以精油提取率为评判指标进行正交优化,确定了索氏提取法和常压蒸馏法的最佳提取条件。以抑菌圈直径为判定指标测定所提取的精油对大肠菌群的影响。结果表明:索氏提取法提取生姜精油的最优提取条件为提取剂用量12 mL/g,提取时间3.0 h和提取温度50℃;常压蒸馏法提取生姜精油的最优提取条件为提取剂用量20 mL/g,浸泡时间1.0 h和提取时间3.0 h。索氏提取法提取的生姜精油对大肠菌群的抑菌圈平均直径为73.66 mm;常压蒸馏法提取的生姜精油对大肠菌群的抑菌圈平均直径为25.48 mm。索氏提取法提取出的精油树脂抑菌效果好于常压蒸馏法提取的生姜精油的抑菌效果。     

基于遥感的龙岩市新罗区畜禽养殖场专题提取

综合指数提取、谱间分析提取和地理信息系统提取等遥感提取技术对龙岩市新罗区的畜禽养殖场进行专题提取,并把提取结果同监督分类方法相比.结果表明,专题提取可以有效提高提取精度,提供及时准确的养殖场分布数据.     

紫色鸢尾花色苷的提取工艺研究

对紫色鸢尾花色苷溶剂提取法的提取工艺进行了研究,考察了提取时间、提取温度、料液比、提取剂体积分数等因素的影响,并利用正交试验确定了最佳提取工艺条件.结果表明,料液比是影响花色苷提取效果的主要因素,最佳提取条件是料液比1:10、提取剂体积分数80%、提取时间3h、提取温度60℃.此工艺简单易于操作,提取效果较好,可用于紫色鸢尾花色苷的提取.     

不同提取方法对金银花中绿原酸成分提取效果的影响

目的比较不同的提取方法对提取金银花中绿原酸的提取效果的影响,为金银花有效成分工业化提取提供选择依据。方法以水煎煮法、索氏提取法、醇提法、酸醇提取法、超声提取法等常见易行的几种方法对金银花中绿原酸进行提取,并以HPLC法对其含量进行测定。结果通过几种提取方法比较,以酸醇法提取率最高,索氏提取法提取率较酸醇提取法略低,但提取的杂质较少,综合考虑,以索氏提取法较优。结论索氏提取法提取率高且杂质少,操作简单,所需成本低,可用于工业化生产。     

平菇多糖提取方法的比较

以平菇为原料, 分别采用破碎、 超声波和超声辅助复合酶3种提取方法提取平菇水溶性多糖. 正交优化结果表明： 提取温度90 ℃, 剪切速率11 350 r/min, 提取时间20 min, 提取3次, 破碎法提取多糖得率为11.20%; 提取温度60 ℃,  超声功率450 W, 提取时间60 min, 提取3次, 超声法提取多糖得率为9.75%; 提取温度30 ℃, 超声功率350 W, 提取时间60 min, 溶液pH=5, 超声辅助复合酶法提取多糖得率为12.05%. 综合考虑提取得率、 节能环保、 操作方法等因素, 选用破碎法提取平菇多糖较理想.     

超声-索氏提取法提取焦化厂土壤中多环芳烃

针对焦化厂土壤污染,运用索氏提取,超声波提取等传统提取方法,从多环芳烃提取总量和各单体多环芳烃含量层面上,分析了单一提取方法提取效果的差异以及影响提取效率的因素,建立起超声辅助索-1氏提取土壤样品预处理新方法.GC-MS检测结果表明,60 min超声辅助4 h索氏提取PAHs效果优于24 h索氏提取水平,能够替代传统提取方法.     

油茶粕中茶皂素连续多级逆流水提工艺的建立

为提高油茶粕经济价值,充分利用油茶粕资源,以油茶粕为原料,采用热水连续多级逆流提取油茶粕中的茶皂素,优化了单级提取和连续多级逆流提取工艺参数。结果表明:单级提取的优化条件为提取时间85 min,提取温度80℃,料液比1:16 g/mL,油茶粕提取粒度60～100目。在单级提取基础上,确定连续多级逆流提取的优化提取级数为3级,每级优化的提取时间为20 min,此时得到的提取液中茶皂素的质量浓度为33.14 mg/mL,比单级提取质量浓度提高了1.23倍,提取时间缩短了29.41%,提高了提取效率。水溶液结合连续多级逆流提取,获得了质量浓度较高的茶皂素,并且缩短了提取时间,提取流程绿色环保,更易实现工业化生产。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.