Predicting mutation outcome from early stochastic variation in genetic interaction partners

Many mutations, including those that cause disease, only have a detrimental effect in a subset of individuals. The reasons for this are usually unknown, but may include additional genetic variation and environmental risk factors. However, phenotypic discordance remains even in the absence of genetic variation, for example between monozygotic twins, and incomplete penetrance of mutations is frequent in isogenic model organisms in homogeneous environments. Here we propose a model for incomplete penetrance based on genetic interaction networks. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, we identify two compensation mechanisms that vary among individuals and influence mutation outcome. First, feedback induction of an ancestral gene duplicate differs across individuals, with high expression masking the effects of a mutation. This supports the hypothesis that redundancy is maintained in genomes to buffer stochastic developmental failure. Second, during normal embryonic development we find that there is substantial variation in the induction of molecular chaperones such as Hsp90 (DAF-21). Chaperones act as promiscuous buffers of genetic variation, and embryos with stronger induction of Hsp90 are less likely to be affected by an inherited mutation. Simultaneously quantifying the variation in these two independent responses allows the phenotypic outcome of a mutation to be more accurately predicted in individuals. Our model and methodology provide a framework for dissecting the causes of incomplete penetrance. Further, the results establish that inter-individual variation in both specific and more general buffering systems combine to determine the outcome inherited mutations in each individual.     

Central inputs mask multiple adult neural networks within a single embryonic network

It is usually assumed that, after construction of basic network architecture in embryos, immature networks undergo progressive maturation to acquire their adult properties. We examine this assumption in the context of the lobster stomatogastric nervous system. In the lobster, the neuronal population that will form this system is at first orgnanized into a single embryonic network that generates a single rhythmic pattern. The system then splits into different functional adult networks controlled by central descending systems; these adult networks produce multiple motor programmes, distinctively different from the single output of the embryonic network. We show here that the single embryonic network can produce multiple adult-like programmes. This occurs after the embryonic network is silenced by removal of central inputs, then pharmacologically stimulated to restore rhythmicity. Furthermore, restoration of the flow of descending information reversed the adult-like pattern to an embryonic pattern. This indicates that the embryonic network possesses the ability to express adult-like network characteristics, but descending information prevents it from doing so. Functional adult networks may therefore not necessarily be derived from progressive ontogenetic changes in networks themselves, but may result from maturation of descending systems that unmask preexisting adult networks in an embryonic system.     

电力系统无功补偿最优规划综合模型

本文提出了一个实用的无功补偿最优规划综合模型。该模型的目标函数计及了无功补偿费用和网络损耗费用,对电力系统在正常和故障时的调压要求、无功补偿点的优化选择以及不同年份要求不同补偿容量等均作了考虑。模型主要包括无功补偿优化和事故情况下调压措施优化两个非线性子模型,采用简约梯度法求解。应用本模型对电力系统作了计算,获得了满意的结果。     

Climate-driven population divergence in sex-determining systems

Sex determination is a fundamental biological process, yet its mechanisms are remarkably diverse. In vertebrates, sex can be determined by inherited genetic factors or by the temperature experienced during embryonic development. However, the evolutionary causes of this diversity remain unknown. Here we show that live-bearing lizards at different climatic extremes of the species' distribution differ in their sex-determining mechanisms, with temperature-dependent sex determination in lowlands and genotypic sex determination in highlands. A theoretical model parameterized with field data accurately predicts this divergence in sex-determining systems and the consequence thereof for variation in cohort sex ratios among years. Furthermore, we show that divergent natural selection on sex determination across altitudes is caused by climatic effects on lizard life history and variation in the magnitude of between-year temperature fluctuations. Our results establish an adaptive explanation for intra-specific divergence in sex-determining systems driven by phenotypic plasticity and ecological selection, thereby providing a unifying framework for integrating the developmental, ecological and evolutionary basis for variation in vertebrate sex determination.     

红外热成像系统温度漂移补偿算法研究

针对红外焦平面阵列(infrared focal plane arrays, IRFPA)响应输出易受到环境温度变化的影响,且长时间工作后易发生温度漂移,导致红外热成像系统测温误差大,为此提出了一种红外热成像系统温度漂移补偿算法。该算法建立了红外焦平面阵列响应输出随环境温度变化的补偿模型,利用该模型对IRFPA每个像素响应输出值进行逐一修正。将该补偿算法加入红外热成像系统中,进行红外目标的温度显示实验。实验结果表明,该算法能够有效减少环境温度变化引起的测温误差,提高红外热成像系统的测温精度。     

谷电相变电蓄热供暖分工况变论域模糊比例、积分、微分自适应前馈补偿控制

针对谷电相变电蓄热供暖系统,有谷电时间段既蓄热又放热供暖和非谷电时间段单纯放热供暖两种不同的工况,不同的工况系统参数变化较大的问题,设计了分工况变论域模糊比例、积分、微分(PID)控制器,根据不同工况选择对应的控制器且其论域伸缩因子自适应调整;考虑到供暖过程中蓄热炉炉温的变化,把不断变化的蓄热炉炉温作为可测干扰,设计了自适应前馈补偿控制器对变论域模糊PID控制器的输出控制量进行补偿,通过实时辨识供暖系统模型,实现前馈补偿控制器参数的自适应调整。实验结果表明:所提出的控制方法能够在不同工况下实现对期望供暖出水温度的实时跟踪,显著地减小了供暖出水温度误差,提高了供暖可靠性。     

Effects of size and temperature on developmental time

Body size and temperature are the two most important variables affecting nearly all biological rates and times. The relationship of size and temperature to development is of particular interest, because during ontogeny size changes and temperature often varies. Here we derive a general model, based on first principles of allometry and biochemical kinetics, that predicts the time of ontogenetic development as a function of body mass and temperature. The model fits embryonic development times spanning a wide range of egg sizes and incubation temperatures for birds and aquatic ectotherms (fish, amphibians, aquatic insects and zooplankton). The model also describes nearly 75% of the variation in post-embryonic development among a diverse sample of zooplankton. The remaining variation is partially explained by stoichiometry, specifically the whole-body carbon to phosphorus ratio. Development in other animals at other life stages is also described by this model. These results suggest a general definition of biological time that is approximately invariant and common to all organisms.     

光纤光栅应变传感器的温度补偿

为建立经过钢套筒封装后的光纤光栅应变传感器的温度补偿方法,从封装传感器的微观结构出发,利用光栅与封装套筒在界面上力学作用机理推导出封装传感器的波长变化与环境温度、应变变化值之间的关系式.给出了应变传感器进行应变测量时的温度补偿公式与工程实施方案.室内的标准实验证明:对于封装的应变传感器进行应变测量时,采用建立的温度补偿公式与实施方案能够正确剔除温度影响,得到真实的应变值,如果采用传统的裸光栅温度补偿方法在温度变化幅度较大情况下将导致严重的系统测量误差.     

伺服系统间隙非线性补偿算法的研究

研究有效消除伺服系统间隙非线性引起的极限环的方法,设计制作含有间隙前后位置检测的数字伺服系统,对直接补偿、ＢＰ神经网络补偿,换向补偿等方法进行实验研究与对比。实验结果证明,３种补偿方法均可有效地消除极限环。直接补偿算法精度较差,配以精度补偿可取得更佳效果,换向补偿算法精度最高;ＢＰ神经网络补偿算法的精度介于两者之间。     

Adaptive variation in environmental and genetic sex determination in a fish

Two general mechanisms of sex determination have been identified among gonochoristic vertebrates: environmental sex determination where offspring become male or female in response to an environmental factor(s) during development (for example, some fishes and reptiles); and genetic sex determination where sex is determined by genotype at conception (as in birds and mammals). How do these sex-determining systems evolve? Direct evidence is virtually non-existent because the sex-determining systems of most species appear to have little genetic variation. Here we provide the first evidence of adaptive variation in environmental and genetic sex determination within a species. We show that in a fish with temperature-dependent sex determination, populations at different latitudes compensate for differences in thermal environment and seasonality by adjusting the response of sex ratio to temperature, and by altering the level of environmental as opposed to genetic control. The adjustments observed are precisely those predicted by adaptive sex ratio theory.     

Establishment of developmental precision and proportions in the early Drosophila embryo

During embryonic development, orderly patterns of gene expression eventually assign each cell in the embryo its particular fate. For the anteroposterior axis of the Drosophila embryo, the first step in this process depends on a spatial gradient of the maternal morphogen Bicoid (Bcd). Positional information of this gradient is transmitted to downstream gap genes, each occupying a well defined spatial domain. We determined the precision of the initial process by comparing expression domains in different embryos. Here we show that the Bcd gradient displays a high embryo-to-embryo variability, but that this noise in the positional information is strongly decreased ('filtered') at the level of hunchback (hb) gene expression. In contrast to the Bcd gradient, the hb expression pattern already includes the information about the scale of the embryo. We show that genes known to interact directly with Hb are not responsible for its spatial precision, but that the maternal gene staufen may be crucial.     

基于TDLAS一次谐波的甲烷浓度检测系统及其温度补偿研究

本文结合甲烷1 653.72 nm波长2v3带R3支气体吸收线,分析温度变化对甲烷吸收线的谱线特性及甲烷气体浓度测量产生的影响。基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱与波长调制光谱技术,应用一次谐波信号检测甲烷气体的浓度,通过温度补偿抑制环境温度变化给检测带来的干扰。实验结果表明,研制的甲烷浓度检测系统的性能稳定,利用温度补偿系数校准后系统测量偏差在1%以内,可以有效地提高系统的检测精度。     

某PC单箱三室箱梁温度梯度效应研究

以某高速铁路单箱三室箱梁桥为背景,通过对国内外几种典型的温度梯度及不同的温度梯度在相同的温度特征值下的温度效应进行比较,重点分析了在不同的温度梯度下箱梁的温度应力及位移的变化规律.结果表明:纵向位移最大值在箱梁两端,呈线性变化,竖向位移最大值处于中跨跨中,呈抛物线变化;应力与位移的关系表现为下缘应力与位移呈对应关系,下缘应力大对应的位移也大;温度梯度将会引起很大的温度应力,且不同的温度梯度引起的应力和位移相差较大.因此,在设计时选择合理的温度梯度是非常重要的.     

Real-time compensation of phase drift for phase-encoded quantum key distribution systems

Phase drift is an inherent problem in phase-encoded quantum key distribution(QKD) systems.The current active phase trackingand compensation solutions cannot satisfy the requirements of a system with nonlinearity in phase modulation.This paper presents a four-phase scanning method,which is based on the quantitative analysis of the quantum bit error rate(QBER) from phasedrift and the performance requirements of phase compensation.By obtaining the four interference fringes and adjusting the codingmatrix of the system,this method automatically calculates the accurate driving voltages for the phase modulator.The implementation and experimental tests show that the proposed method can compensate phase drift caused by environmental changes and thesystem’s nonlinearity,and is applicable to large-scale QKD networks.     

带温度测试模块的TDR测试系统研制及温度校准

研制出带有温度测试电路的时域反射仪(TDR)土壤参数测试系统,该系统能够实时监测被测土壤温度;设计了应用于TDR测试系统的土壤温度测试电路;利用该TDR系统采集土壤样本在不同温度下的TDR波形;研究了温度变化对TDR测试波形的影响;反演土壤体积含水量和体积电导率随温度变化趋势.给出了此TDR测试系统测量得到的土壤含水量温度修正公式和土壤体积电导率与测量样本温度变化的关系.带有温度测试模块的TDR测试系统能够扩大TDR应用范围,提高土壤含水量的测量精度.     

城市水源区学生教育补偿初步研究——以昆明松华库区为例

城市水源区作为提供城市生产需水、公共服务用水及居民生活取水的集中式供水水源,其生态环境保护成为各级政府治理的要点.但由于现行的生态补偿政策针对范围广、法规零散及保障资金缺乏等原因,已不能更好地解决城市水源区水环境保护与经济发展的矛盾,为此提出将学生教育补偿作为二次补偿实施的设想.以昆明市松华水源区为例,运用机会成本法估算了水源区户籍学生生活补偿额度与优秀学生就读市区示范学校择校费用,并以此为基础,对相关教育补偿策略进行了阐述.旨在通过提高人口素质,鼓励青少年自觉转移到非水源区学习、生活和就业,从而实现水源区城市水系统安全及生态环境可持续发展的目标.     

总括热吸收率的基本辨识

加热炉二级控制系统通常采用总括热吸收率法作为核心模型,而总括热吸收率既是结构参数的函数,也是操作参数的函数,因此其辨识较为困难.以宝钢2050热轧厂3号加热炉进行的拖偶实验为例,详细阐述了基本辨识的过程.对实验数据进行整理,并采用表面温度梯度法反演CF.推导了CF基本辨识体系的完整表达式,同时对辨识结果进行必要的分析.反演过程中发现,当采样点较多时,反演的钢坯表面热流呈振荡趋势,这是采样周期与测量系统的分辨率不匹配所导致的.由基本辨识的sCF曲线可知,当钢坯静止时,在同一位置处CF值是变化的,这证实了CF动态补偿的必要性.     

建国以来中国环境影响因素演变的历史分析（上）

环境问题的形成和演变是多种自然和社会经济因素综合作用的结果。建国以来,中国经历了不同的历史发展阶段。在这些不同的历史发展阶段下,环境问题的影响因素均呈现出显著不同的特征。本文着重从制度、技术、人口、经济、消费、贸易、城市化和环境保护等8个方面,比较系统地论述和揭示了不同历史发展阶段下中国环境影响因素的演变趋势和特点,以便为揭示中国环境问题的成因并寻求有效的对策和措施提供一定的依据。     

环境因素对斜拉桥模态频率影响的周期特性

利用东海大桥主航道斜拉桥5年的结构健康监测以及收费站数据,从周期性的角度研究了温度、交通荷载对结构竖弯、侧弯基频以及高阶频率的影响规律,并在1年,1周,1天和0.5天模态频率变化的主要周期上通过逐步回归分析比较了温度、交通荷载对结构频率变化的影响程度.结果表明,温度、交通荷载和结构频率的变化存在明显的周期特征,且在不同的时间周期温度和交通荷载对频率变化的影响程度不同.基于长期实测数据的分析有助于加深对结构频率变化特性的理解,并把握其周期性变化规律,从而对结构状态进行更准确地评估.     

污泥好氧堆肥主要微生物类群及其生态规律

重庆探讨了城市污水处理厂污泥好氧堆肥过程中，反应器内的主要微生物类群、特征以及与环境因子的关系。研究发现，污泥好氧堆肥过程是微生物与其周围环境因子（有机物、温度和pH值）相互影响和相互作用的结果，有机物和温度在污泥堆肥过程中是影响微生物类群结构变化的主导环境因子，pH值则显示出非主导性环境因子的特点，堆肥过程微生物数量的变化规律与污水生物处理过程中微生物变化是不同的。