Effect of magnesia on the compressive strength of pellets

The compressive strength of MgO-fluxed pellets was investigated before and after they were reduced. The porosity and pore size of green pellets, product pellets, and reduced pellets were analyzed to clarify how MgO affects the strength of the pellets. Experimental results show that when the MgO-bearing flux content in the pellets increases from 0.0wt% to 2.0wt%, the compressive strength of the pellets at ambient temperature decreases, but the compressive strength of the pellets after reduction increases. Therefore, the compressive strength of the pellets after reduction exhibits no certain positive correlation with that before reduction. The porosity and pore size of all the pellets (with different MgO contents) increase when the pellets are reduced. However, the increase in porosity of the MgO-fluxed pellets is relatively smaller than that of the traditional non-MgO-fluxed pellets, and the pore size range of the MgO-fluxed pellets is relatively narrower. The reduction swelling index (RSI) is a key factor for governing the compressive strength of the reduced pellets. An approximately reversed linear relation can be concluded that the lower the RSI, the greater the compressive strength of the reduced pellets is.     

用焦煤和氧化钙制备含CaO碳球团: 热解炉中温度、孔分布和碳结构对球团抗压强度的影响

CaO-containing carbon pellets (CCCP) were successfully prepared from well-mixed coking coal (CC) and calcium oxide (CaO) and roasted at different pyrolysis temperatures. The effects of temperature, pore distribution, and carbon structure on the compressive strength of CCCP was investigated in a pyrolysis furnace (350–750°C). The results showed that as the roasting temperature increased, the compressive strength also increased and furthermore, structural defects and imperfections in the carbon crystallites were gradually eliminated to form more organized char structures, thus forming high-ordered CC. Notably, the CCCP preheated at 750°C exhibited the highest compressive strength. A positive relationship between the compressive strength and pore-size homogeneity was established. A linear relationship between the compressive strength of the CCCP and the average stack height of CC was observed. Additionally, a four-stage caking mechanism was developed.     

Preparation of CaO-containing carbon pellets from coking coal and calcium oxide: Effects of temperature,pore distribution and carbon structure on compressive strength in pyrolysis furnace

CaO-containing carbon pellets(CCCP) were successfully prepared from well-mixed coking coal(CC) and calcium oxide(CaO) and roasted at different pyrolysis temperatures. The effects of temperature, pore distribution, and carbon structure on the compressive strength of CCCP was investigated in a pyrolysis furnace(350–750°C). The results showed that as the roasting temperature increased, the compressive strength also increased and furthermore, structural defects and imperfections in the carbon crystallites were gradually eliminated to form more organized char structures, thus forming high-ordered CC. Notably, the CCCP preheated at 750°C exhibited the highest compressive strength. A positive relationship between the compressive strength and pore-size homogeneity was established. A linear relationship between the compressive strength of the CCCP and the average stack height of CC was observed. Additionally, a four-stage caking mechanism was developed.     

New pyrometallurgical process of EAF dust treatment with CaO addition

The non-carbothermic zinc pyrometallurgical processing of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust was investigated on a laboratory scale. The main objective of this process was to convert highly stable zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄), which accounts for more than half of total zinc in the EAF dust, into ZnO and Ca₂Fe₂O₅ by CaO addition. The EAF dust was mixed with CaO powder in various ratios, pressed into pellets, and heated in a muffle furnace in air at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100℃ for a predetermined holding time. All ZnFe₂O₄ was transformed into ZnO and Ca₂Fe₂O₅ at a minimum temperature of 900℃ within 1 h when sufficient CaO to achieve a Ca/Fe molar ratio of 1.1 was added. However, at higher temperatures, excess CaO beyond the stoichiometric ratio was required because it was consumed by reactions leading to the formation of compounds other than ZnFe₂O₄. The evaporation of halides and heavy metals in the EAF dust was also studied. These components could be preferentially volatilized into the gas phase at 1100℃ when CaO was added.     

Effects of SiO2 on the preparation and metallurgical properties of acid oxidized pellets

The effects of SiO₂ content on the preparation process and metallurgical properties of acid oxidized pellets, including compressive strength, reduction, and softening–melting behaviors, were systematically investigated.Mineralogical structures, elemental distribution, and pore size distribution were varied to analyze the mechanism of the effects.The results show that with an increase in SiO₂ content from 3.51 wt%to 7.18 wt%, compressive strength decreases from 3150 N/pellet to 2100 N/pellet and reducibility decreases from 76.5% to 71.4%.The microstructure showed that pellets with high SiO₂ content contained more magnetite in the mineralogical structures.Additionally, some liquid phases appeared, which hindered the continuous crystallization of hematite.Also, the softening–melting properties of the pellets clearly deteriorated as the SiO₂ content increased.With increasing SiO₂ content, the temperature range of the softening–melting zone decreased, and the maximum differential pressure and the comprehensive permeability index increased significantly.When acid oxidized pellets are used as the raw materials for blast furnace smelting, it should be combined with high basicity sinters to improve the softening–melting behaviors of the comprehensive charge.     

Characterization of low-purity clays for geopolymer binder formulation

The production of geopolymer binders from low-purity clays was investigated. Three low-purity clays were calcined at 750℃ for 4 h. The calcined clays were chemically activated by the alkaline solutions of NaOH and Na₂SiO₃. The compressive strength was measured as a function of curing time at room temperature and 85℃. The results were compared with those of a pure kaolin sample. An amorphous aluminosilicate polymer was formed in all binders at both processing temperatures. The results show that, the mechanical properties depend on the type and amount of active aluminum silicates in the starting clay material, the impurities, and the processing temperature.     

Effect of aluminum oxide on the compressive strength of pellets

Analytical-reagent-grade Al₂O₃ was added to magnetite ore during the process of pelletizing, and the methods of mercury intrusion, scanning electron microscopy, and image processing were used to investigate the effect of Al₂O₃ on the compressive strength of the pellets. The results showed that, as the Al₂O₃ content increased, the compressive strength of the pellets increased slightly and then decreased gradually. When a small amount of Al₂O₃ was added to the pellets, the Al₂O₃ combined with fayalite (2FeO·SiO₂) and the aluminosilicate (2FeO·2Al₂O₃·5SiO₂) was generated, which releases some iron oxide and reduces the inhibition of fayalite to the solid phase of consolidation. When Al₂O₃ increased sequentially, high melting point of Al₂O₃ particles hinder the oxidation of Fe₃O₄ and the recrystallization of Fe2O3, making the internal porosity of the pellets increase, which leads to the decrease in compressive strength of the pellets.     

Synthesis of crystalline perovskite-structured SrTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanoparticles using an alkali hydrothermal process

We report an experimental route for synthesizing perovskite-structured strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) nanocubes using an alkali hydrothermal process at low temperatures without further heating. Furthermore, we studied the influence of heating time (at 180℃) on the crystallinity, morphology, and perovskite phase formation of SrTiO₃. The SrTiO₃ powder, which is formed via nanocube agglomeration, transforms into cubic particles with a particle size of 120–150 nm after 6 h of hydrothermal sintering. The crystallinity and percentage of the perovskite phase in the product increased with heating time. The cubic particles contained 31.24at% anatase TiO₂ that originated from the precursor. By varying the weight ratio of anatase TiO₂ used to react with the strontium salt precursor, we reduced the anatase-TiO₂ content to 18.8at%. However, the average particle size increased when the anatase-TiO₂ content decreased.     

Fabrication and properties of aluminum silicate fibrous materials with <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> synthesized K<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>6</Subscript>O<Subscript>13</Subscript> whiskers

To improve their mechanical and thermal insulation properties, aluminum silicate fibrous materials with in situ synthesized K₂Ti₆O₁₃ whiskers were prepared by firing a mixture of short aluminum silicate fibers and gel powders obtained from a sol-gel process. During the preparation process, the fiber surface was coated with K₂Ti₆O₁₃ whiskers after the fibers were subjected to a heat treatment carried out at various temperatures. The effects of process parameters on the microstructure, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity were analyzed systematically. The results show that higher treatment temperatures and longer treatment durations promoted the development of K₂Ti₆O₁₃ whiskers on the surface of aluminum silicate fibers; in addition, the intersection structure between whiskers modulated the morphology and volume of the multi-aperture structure among fibers, substantially increasing the fibers' compressive strength and reducing their heat conduction and convective heat transfer at high temperatures.     

Roasting-induced phase change and its influence on phosphorus removal through acid leaching for high-phosphorus iron ore

In the present study, roasting-induced phase change and its influence on phosphorus removal via leaching has been investigated for high-phosphorus iron ore. The findings indicate that phosphorus in the ore is associated with goethite and exists mainly in amorphous Fe₃PO₇ phase. The phosphorus remains in the amorphous phase after being roasted below 300℃. Grattarolaite (Fe₃PO₇) is found in samples roasted at 600-700℃, revealing that phosphorus phase is transformed from the amorphous form to crystalline grattarolaite during roasting. Leaching tests on synthesized pure grattarolaite reveal a low rate of phosphorus removal by sulfuric acid leaching. When the roasting temperature is higher than 800℃, grattarolaite is found to react with alumina to form aluminum phosphate, and the reactivity of grattarolaite with alumina increases with increasing roasting temperature. Consequently, the rate of phosphorus removal also increases with increasing roasting temperature due to the formation of acid-soluble aluminum phosphate.     

焙烧温度对氧化球团性质及其气基直接还原过程的影响

考查焙烧温度对氧化球团抗压强度、孔隙率、Fe3O4含量及显微结构等性质的影响,研究不同焙烧温度下球团的还原行为,计算其还原过程动力学并确定还原过程的限制性环节。研究结果表明:随着焙烧温度的升高,氧化球团抗压强度增大,晶粒间互联及渣相增多,球团内Fe3O4含量及孔隙率则明显降低;在1 200℃焙烧时球团还原最快,其次为1 150℃和1 250℃,最慢的是于1 100℃焙烧球团;在1 100,1 150和1 200℃焙烧球团还原过程受界面化学反应控制,而1 250℃焙烧球团在还原过程前期受界面化学反应控制,后期受内扩散控制。     

MHA黏结剂在钒钛磁铁矿氧化球团制备中的应用

应用已发明的MHA黏结剂替代膨润土制备钒钛磁铁矿氧化球团,获得质量优良的高炉冶炼原料。研究表明:当MHA用量为0.25%,在预热温度950℃,预热时间10 min,焙烧温度1 250℃,焙烧时间10 min的条件下,获得的预热球团抗压强度为522 N/个,焙烧球团抗压强度为3 702 N/个。与2.0%膨润土球团矿比较,MHA成品球团的抗压强度略低,而TFe品位明显提高1.11%。2种黏结剂球团矿的还原性能指标接近。MHA球团黏结剂在氧化球团矿生产中具有良好的应用前景。     

铬铁矿球团焙烧固结特性

本文系统研究铬铁矿球团的焙烧固结特性.结果表明：预热时间对于预热球强度影响不大,在预热时间为10 min时,随着预热温度的提高,预热球强度和氧化率呈直线型增加,适宜温度为1050益,此时预热球强度可达每个400 N以上;与传统铁矿球团相比,铬铁矿球团焙烧所需的温度高,焙烧时间为10 min时,焙烧温度从1250益提高到1350益,球团强度从每个1078 N提高到1973 N.在铬铁矿球团预热和焙烧过程中,铬尖晶石( Fe,Mg)( Cr,Fe,Al)2 O4氧化生成富镁的( Fe,Mg)( Cr, Fe,Al)2O4和铬铁铝复合氧化物(Cr,Fe,Al)2O3,当温度高于1000益时,(Cr,Fe,Al)2O3新相生成,其主要以环状分布在颗粒外层,颗粒内部为针状与(Fe,Mg)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4形成交织结构,降低Cr/Fe比或升高焙烧温度均有助于(Cr,Fe,Al)2O3向颗粒外层富集和再结晶长大,有利于球团的固结,提高球团强度.     

压汞法表征铁矿球团固结程度

基于压汞法,定义了球团矿的氧化焙烧固结指数(OCI),并以其表征球团矿氧化焙烧固结程度.通过分析不同球团矿生球氧化焙烧过程中球团矿孔隙率及孔径大小的变化,计算球团焙烧固结指数.同时,对相应的成品球团矿的抗压强度进行测试.结果表明:粒化工艺和原料条件相对稳定情况下,氧化球团固结指数越高,球团固结越完全,球团抗压强度越大.该方法不仅可掌握球团矿自身物性,而且能够准确表征球团氧化焙烧的固结程度,为科研、生产人员提供了一种氧化球团矿质量的评价指标.     

含锌电炉粉尘配碳球团的冶金特性

以某钢铁公司含锌电炉粉尘为原料,配入适当的无烟煤制成含碳球团,焙烧球团通过还原煤保护冷却至室温后进行化学分析·研究了1150℃～1300℃的范围内,温度、时间和内配煤量对锌、铁的还原速率以及球团抗压强度的影响·研究结果表明:锌、铁的还原率均随焙烧温度、焙烧时间以及内配煤量的增加而提高;抗压强度随焙烧温度、焙烧时间的增加而增高,但随内配煤量的增加出现极值点·焙烧球团最佳的工艺参数:焙烧时间为15min,内配煤量为13 04%,焙烧温度为1250℃·此时锌的还原率为98 43%,金属化率为94 51%,抗压强度为800 6N/球·     

菱铁矿和褐铁矿球团制备技术研究

对菱铁矿和褐铁矿精矿进行了造球、焙烧试验研究,结果表明：在菱铁精矿中配加褐铁矿的同时配加磁铁矿,既可提高生球强度,又可提高爆裂温度;链篦机—回转窑焙烧该球团时,操作难度大,球团矿质量差;采用烧结法焙烧菱铁矿和褐铁矿球团时,因高温保持时间短而导致球团强度低,配入磁铁矿后,既延长了高温保持时间,又提高了成品率、转鼓强度和抗压强度,增加预热段可改善烧结指标;用带式焙烧法焙烧菱铁矿和褐铁矿球团时,获得了成品率为98.26%,利用系数为0.654t/（m^2·h）,转鼓强度为80.65%和抗压强度为1762N/个的球团矿。该研究为我国储量丰富,但难焙烧的菱铁矿和褐铁矿的开发利用提供了新思路。     

钙和镁添加剂在氧化球团中的应用

对石灰石、菱镁石和白云石3种钙、镁添加剂对球团性能、TFe品位以及生产工艺的影响进行研究。研究结果表明:添加剂降低了生球落下强度和预热球抗压强度,但提高了生球爆裂温度;添加剂中的CaO使焙烧球抗压强度先升高后降低,MgO使得焙烧球抗压强度降低;加入钙、镁添加剂会降低球团矿TFe品位,通过添加生石灰或有机黏结剂取代膨润土,可以提高球团的TFe品位;钙、镁添加剂在干燥预热段分解吸热会影响链篦机的热平衡,通过在球团中内配无烟煤,由无烟煤燃烧放热来提供钙、镁添加剂热分解所需的热量,可以维持链篦机的热平衡制度;通过添加生石灰或有机黏结剂和内配适量的无烟煤,可解决钙、镁添加剂在氧化球团中应用的难题。