高碳耐磨球钢大方坯连铸过程凝固定律及在轻压下过程中的应用

基于ANSYS软件建立310 mm×360 mm(长×宽)断面大方坯连铸过程二维凝固传热数学模型,通过窄面射钉试验及铸坯表面测温对模型的准确性进行验证,模拟不同碳质量分数高碳耐磨球钢大方坯宽面和窄面凝固坯壳的生长规律,将计算结果应用于轻压下过程中并进行现场试验。研究结果表明:模型能精确地获得不同工况下任意位置铸坯凝固坯壳的厚度分布、凝固终点位置及中心固相率。不同碳质量分数的高碳耐磨球钢具有相同的凝固规律:结晶器弯月面至二冷区出口,铸坯柱状晶区的凝固坯壳厚度与凝固时间的平方根呈线性关系,符合平方根定律,平方根定律的修正项与过热度有关;二冷区出口至凝固终点,相应铸坯等轴晶区凝固坯壳厚度与凝固时间的平方根呈非线性关系;根据凝固传热模型计算的高碳耐磨球钢BU铸坯中心固相率分布,结合轻压下合适的压下区间要求,拉速从0.43 m/min增加到0.52 m/min,轻压下可压区间增加,铸坯的中心碳偏析明显减少。     

连铸方坯动态轻压下位置

为准确确定铸坯凝固末端的位置,合理选择压下区域,为实施动态轻压下提供有效技术手段,利用数值模拟方法计算某炼钢厂2#铸机连铸方坯中温度场,用传热模型分析了45#钢在某工艺下的铸坯温度分布图.固相率0.3为轻压下初始点,压下区间总长度为10 m且拉速0.76 m/min时的压下量为0.7 mm/m.     

连铸方坯动态轻压下位置

为准确确定铸坯凝固末端的位置,合理选择压下区域,为实施动态轻压下提供有效技术手段,利用数值模拟方法计算某炼钢厂2#铸机连铸方坯中温度场,用传热模型分析了45#钢在某工艺下的铸坯温度分布图。固相率0.3为轻压下初始点,压下区间总长度为10 m且拉速0.76 m/min时的压下量为0.7 mm/m。     

动态轻压下模型的开发及优化

为确保提高连铸板坯铸坯内部质量,开发了一套完整的轻压下模型,包括凝固传热、二冷水动态控制和辊缝控制模型,并对动态轻压下技术的关键参数进行了优化. 通过射钉实验和铸坯表面温度测量,对该模型进行了校核. 实验结果与模型计算结果较为一致;当拉速变化时,铸坯表面温度可以保证在较小的范围内波动. 采用不同的轻压下参数进行生产试验,并通过铸坯低倍检验和中心偏析分析,对压下量和压下位置进行了优化,得出固相率(fs)0.2～0.5、单位压下量1.2 mm·m-1为本铸机最佳的轻压下参数.     

轻压下技术在连铸中的应用及研究

主要介绍了轻压下技术最近的发展情况。根据其在不同厂家的应用效果，分析了压下参数对铸坯内部质量的影响。分析表明，较大的压下量有利于改善中心疏松，但却会加重铸坯裂纹。压下量一般以6～7mm为宜，超过此值后压下量继续增加，中心偏析无明显改善，中心裂纹却增加。轻压下技术对铸坯的凝固组织也有一定的影响，可以显著提高凝固组织中的等轴晶率。开发更准确、响应速度更快的热跟踪模型、压下模型是轻压下技术未来的发展方向。     

宽板坯凝固前沿轻压下率模型的研究

结合连铸坯凝固规律及轻压下技术改善铸坯中心偏析的冶金原理,建立宽板坯轻压下率理论模型。根据某厂连铸宽板坯实际生产条件,以传热模型计算的铸坯凝固温度数据作为轻压下率模型计算条件,分析拉速、浇注温度、坯壳凝固收缩特性对铸坯轻压下率的影响规律。结果表明,在相同的拉速和浇注温度条件下,铸坯轻压下率沿拉坯方向的分布总体呈减小趋势;拉速较高时的起始轻压下率小于拉速较低时对应的起始轻压下率;拉速与平均轻压下率呈线性递减关系:拉速每升高0.1m/min,平均轻压下率减小0.015mm/m;浇注温度越低,轻压下区起始轻压下率的值越高;浇注温度对平均轻压下率的影响较小,浇注温度每升高10℃,平均轻压下率仅减小0.002 5mm/m;铸坯外部凝固坯壳的收缩对整个轻压下区平均轻压下率的贡献量为20.4%～22.3%。     

连铸坯中心缩孔研究与控制

阐述了连铸坯中心缩孔的形成机理,研究了过热度、拉坯速度、二冷条件、电磁搅拌、轻压下、末端强冷等对缩孔的影响,并归纳总结了部分厂家改善中心缩孔采取的措施,为优化连铸工艺提高铸坯质量提供技术依据。     

组合电磁搅拌对连铸大方坯内部质量的影响

结合包钢炼钢厂大方坯连铸机上进行的组合电磁搅拌的中试,设计了合理的组合电磁搅拌工艺参数,并分别对结晶器搅拌和组合电磁搅拌作用下铸坯的中心疏松和成分偏析情况进行了对比分析·试验结果表明,组合电磁搅拌工艺可以解决高碳钢连铸坯的中心疏松和成分偏析问题,铸坯中心发生集中缩孔的几率和指数降低·因此正确的连铸工艺和优化的组合电磁搅拌工艺对充分发挥电磁搅拌的作用、提高铸坯内部质量至关重要·     

连铸大方坯轻压下过程的变形行为

首先从理论上描述了轻压下过程铸坯的三维变形行为,并采用有限元法定量分析了轻压下工艺对铸坯变形行为的影响规律.结果表明:铸坯宽展变形和延展变形达到平衡后,随着压下量增加,铸坯延展率随压下量呈直线关系变化.在相同轻压下条件下,随铸坯长宽比和中心未凝固率的增加,铸坯宽展效率和延展效率下降,压下效率增加.     

大方坯凝固坯壳厚度的测定

为确定凝固末端电磁搅拌位置和二冷制度的优化提供可靠的依据,利用"射钉法"对某钢厂大方坯典型钢种42CrMo和GCr15在工作拉速下凝固坯壳的厚度进行了测定。根据凝固理论计算铸坯综合凝固系数,测定出连铸机二冷区域凝固坯壳的厚度及凝固终点的位置,获得了凝固终点位置及凝固系数和拉速的关系。结果表明:铸机拉速0.45～0.5m/min时,42CrMo二冷区综合凝固系数为25.34～26.44mm/min1/2,液相穴长度19～23 m;铸机拉速0.42～0.45 m/min时,GCr15二冷区综合凝固系数为25.24～26.45mm/min1/2,液相穴长度18～21m。同时,验证了二级专家系统的准确性。     

Optimization of strand and final electromagnetic stirrers of round bloom casters with multiple sections

Strand electromagnetic stirring (S-EMS) and final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS) are the main methods used to improve the center porosity and segregation for round blooms. To optimize the stirring conditions, nail shooting tests were conducted for three sections of large round blooms with diameters of ?380 mm, ?450 mm, and ?600 mm. Acid leaching and sulfur print tests were used to investigate the shell thickness. Based on the results of nail shooting tests, a mathematical model of solidification was established, and the variation of shell thickness and the central solid fraction were exactly calculated by the model. By taking all sections into account, the locations of S-EMS and F-EMS were optimized for each section. In the results, the macro-segregation of various sections is improved after the locations of S-EMS and F-EMS systems are changed.     

Analysis of cracking phenomena in continuous casting of 1Cr13 stainless steel billets with final electromagnetic stirring

Solidification cracking that occurs during continuous casting of 1Cr13 stainless steel was investigated with and without final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS). The results show that cracks initiates and propagates along the grain boundaries where the elements of carbon and sulfur are enriched. The final stirrer should be appropriately placed at a location that is 7.5 m away from the meniscus, and the appropriate thickness of the liquid core in the stirring zone is 50 mm. As a stirring current of 250 A is imposed, it can promote columnar-equiaxed transition, decrease the secondary dendrite arm spacing, and reduce the segregation of both carbon and sulfur. F-EMS can effectively decrease the amount of cracks in 1Cr13 stainless steel.     

Centerline Segregation in Continuous Casting Billets

Centerline segregation is of practical significance since it affects the material properties. Centerline segregation in continuous casting billets was studied by solving the fluid flow, solidification, and solute transport equations from the initially liquid steel to the completely solid state using the finite difference method with the SIMPLER algorithm. The results show that the centerline segregation is induced by both the fluid flow in the mushy zone and the accumulation of solute-rich liquid near the solidification front. The species concentration in the center of the strand rises quickly in the mushy region to a maximum at the end of solidification. The most serious segregation occurs along the billet centerline.     

方坯连铸凝固末端电磁搅拌工艺优化的数值模拟

利用ANSYS和CFX软件建立了描述160mm×160mm方坯连铸凝固末端电磁搅拌过程的数学模型.通过确立钢液黏度与温度的定量关系,考虑凝固时钢液黏度的重要影响,研究了方坯凝固末端糊状区磁场和流场的分布,以及电流强度对凝固前沿钢液最大搅拌速度的影响规律.结果表明:搅拌电流强度每增加100A,铸坯中心磁感应强度增加250×10-4T,切向电磁力增加1933N/m3,最大流速增加69cm/s.现场实验检验结果表明:60#钢凝固末端电磁搅拌器安装位置处液芯半径为344mm,最佳电磁搅拌频率为6Hz,最佳搅拌电流为380A,此时凝固前沿最大流速为165cm/s,铸坯中心碳偏析得到明显改善,中心碳偏析指数为104.     

Model prediction of the effect of in-mold electromagnetic stirring on negative segregation under bloom surface

Aiming at the problem of negative segregation under a bloom surface, a coupling macrosegregation model considering electromagnetic field, flow, heat, and solute transport was established based on the volume average method to study the effect of in-mold electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS) on the negative segregation under the bloom surface. In the model, the influence of dendrite structure on the flow and solute transport was described by the change of permeability. The model was validated by the magnetic induction intensity of M-EMS and carbon segregation experiment. The results show that the solute C in the solidified shell in the turbulent zone of the bloom undergoes two negative segregations, whereby the first is caused by nozzle jet, and the second by the M-EMS. The severities of the negative segregation caused by M-EMS at different currents and frequencies are also different, and the larger the current is, or the smaller the frequency is, the more serious will be the negative segregation.With the M-EMS, the solute C distribution in the liquid phase of the bloom is more uniform, but the mass fraction of C in the liquid phase is higher than that without M-EMS.     

铸造速度对Al-Cu合金半固态组织影响的多尺度模拟

用多尺度模拟方法研究了半连续铸造过程与Zl201合金成分近似的5%Al-Cu合金凝固组织受铸造速度的影响。建立了温度场模型和相变模型。通过固相率的变化把温度场计算和微观组织模拟从宏观尺度和介观尺度耦合起来。将宏观尺度上计算出的稳态温度场映射到介观尺度上。利用液固相变区中原胞的平均过冷度确定半连续铸造过程中各元胞的形核,采用溶质扩散模型描述晶粒长大。针对选定对象模拟了浇铸温度为930 K,铸造速度在(1.5～3.5)mm/s时微观组织的演变。结果表明,当铸造速度在2.0 mm/s时得到的微观组织均匀、细小,模拟结果与实验结果吻合。     

连铸坯中缩敏感系数研究

连铸坯内部中心缩松、缩孔是影响铸坯内部质量的主要缺陷之一．综合运用凝固理论、数值模拟、实验研究、数学推导等手段,提出了描述连铸坯中缩缺陷形成可能性大小的连铸坯中缩敏感系数,并以中缩敏感系数为桥梁,建立了工艺因素与中缩缺陷的关系．结果表明,二冷水是形成连铸坯中缩缺陷的主要因素;随着过热度的增加,连铸坯愈易形成中心缩孔、缩松缺陷;一冷水量对中缩敏感系数的影响较小．该判据用于连铸过程控制可得到较高质量连铸坯。