硫酸化改性对TiO2负载的铈基脱硝催化剂的活性及抗碱金属性能的影响

采用浸渍法对TiO₂负载的铈基催化剂进行了硫酸化改性,同时制备了未经硫酸化改性的催化剂与之对比,通过X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积测试（BET）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和吡啶红外光谱（Py-IR）等一系列手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,硫酸化改性不仅能够增加催化剂表面的化学吸附氧的含量,提高催化剂的氧化还原性,而且还能极大地丰富催化剂表面的布朗斯特酸位点和路易斯酸位点,以此来增加催化剂的酸性,使得催化剂的低温活性有所提升并拓宽其温度窗口。此外,硫酸化改性为铈基催化剂表面增加了额外的超强酸位点,使催化剂在受到碱金属的毒害后,仍有大量的酸位能得以保留,能够维持对NH₃的吸附,进行催化反应循环,极大地提升催化剂的抗碱金属性能。     

椰子壳衍生钕氮掺杂碳制备及其电催化氧还原反应性能研究

以海南椰子壳、三聚氰胺、氯化锌以及氯化钕为前驱体,通过热处理、掺杂等过程制备得到了一种氮掺杂碳基氧还原催化剂。电化学测试结果表明,该催化剂对ORR有很好的催化性能,特别是在碱性介质中,可以接近商业Pt/C催化剂;该催化剂具有非常好的稳定性、甲醇耐受性,及非常高的四电子过程选择性。催化剂制备过程中的氮前驱体三聚氰胺的用量对于催化剂的活性有着非常重要的影响,当催化剂中的三聚氰胺用量为2 g时,得到的催化剂性能最优。     

V2O5/CeF3光催化降解丙酮的性能研究

利用浸渍法制备了一系列不同掺杂量的V2O5/CeF3光催化剂,通过光催化降解丙酮实验考察了催化剂的光催化性能,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、BET比表面积和紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)等方法表征了催化剂的物理化学性质.结果表明:少量(摩尔分数≤15%)V2O5的掺杂有利于催化剂比表面积的增加,有利于催化剂光催化性能的提高;而当V2O5含量进一步增加时,由于CeVO4晶相的出现,使催化剂的比表面积减小、禁带宽度增加,从而降低了催化剂的光催化活性.其中,摩尔分数为15%的V2O5/CeF3催化剂具有最佳的光催化性能,丙酮降解率可达85%.     

Co-N-C氧还原反应电催化剂的制备及性能研究

锌空气电池可作为一种无污染、长效、稳定可靠的电源,但其阴极氧还原反应(Oxygen Reduction Reaction, ORR)缓慢的动力学过程严重阻碍了大规模应用。本文通过表面活化策略在炭黑上构筑不饱和位点用于锚定Co,再以不同质量比的尿素作为氮源,制备了不同氮掺杂量的催化剂,并测试了一系列催化剂的ORR活性,及其在不同电解液中活性的差异。将催化剂用于组装锌空气电池,开路电压达1.441 V,并表现出良好的放电性能,峰值功率密度可达123.5 mW·cm^-2。     

钨掺杂对MnCeTiOx催化剂脱硝性能的影响及其机理

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列W掺杂的MnCeTiOx催化剂,考察了W掺杂对催化剂脱硝性能和抗硫中毒性能的影响。采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱等表征手段对MnCeTiOx和W0.15MnCeTiOx催化剂的晶体结构、表面元素价态和表面反应活性物种进行了表征分析。探讨了W掺杂提高MnCeTiOx催化剂脱硝性能和抗硫性能的反应机理。结果表明,W掺杂一方面有利于提高催化剂表面Ce3+和Mn3+物种的相对含量,另一方面使催化剂表面参与SCR反应的活性物种更加丰富,从而提高了催化剂脱硝性能和N2选择性。W掺杂也有利于抑制硫酸盐物种在催化剂表面的生成和沉积,从而提高了催化剂的抗硫中毒性能。     

二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇纳米铜基催化剂研究进展

介绍了金属铜基催化剂上二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇的反应机理和动力学的国内外研究现状;阐述了国内外二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇纳米金属铜基催化剂的改性、制备方法及助剂对催化剂结构及催化性能影响的研究进展.并指出了以后的研究方向是制备出具有高比表面积、高分散度及在较低温度下对二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇有着较高活性和选择性的催化剂.     

Cu改性直接甲醇燃料电池Pd/C阴极催化剂的电催化性能

用铜做掺杂元素,采用浸渍法以活性炭为载体制备了贵金属载量为20%的Pd-Cu/C系列直接甲醇燃料电池阴极催化剂,比较了4种不同Cu含量催化剂的电催化性能。采用ICP和X射线衍射分析了催化剂中金属元素的比例以及Cu掺杂对Pd/C催化剂晶体结构的影响。结果表明:催化剂中Pd与Cu的物质的量之比与预设值相近,Pd和Cu基本被全部还原;Pd-Cu/C催化剂为面心立方结构,元素铜的加入使催化剂的Pd-Pd间距缩小,从而HO2 ads和OO键能更好地吸附在催化剂金属表面;当采用NaBH4为还原剂,Pd与Cu物质的量比为3∶1时,催化剂(Pd3Cu/C)的平均粒径为3.4 nm,催化剂的催化性能最好,电化学活性表面积EAS达到38.9m2/gPd,电化学性能较Pd/C催化剂有很大提高,接近Pt/C商用催化剂。     

氮、硫共掺杂多孔类石墨烯碳催化剂的制备及其氧还原性能

开发廉价、高性能的碳基非贵金属氧还原(ORR)催化剂是很多先进能源系统(如:质子交换膜燃料电池、直接甲醇燃料电池等)商业化应用的关键。采用聚丙烯腈前驱体,以升华硫为硫源,以氧化锌为模板,通过聚合、热处理等过程得到了氮、硫共掺杂的多孔类石墨烯ORR催化剂。该催化剂在碱性介质中表现出优异的ORR性能,其中部电位比商业Pt/C催化剂高出32 m V。除了优异的ORR催化性能,该催化剂还具有优异的稳定性、甲醇耐受性及接近100%的四电子催化过程选择性。通过研究催化剂的理化性质与ORR性能之间的关联,发现,引入硫后,催化剂的组成、结构、形貌都发生了明显的变化,而这些变化是催化剂具有优异ORR性能的重要原因。     

ZIF-67制备的磷掺杂碳催化剂及其氧还原性能

开发高效、廉价的碳基氧还原(ORR)催化剂是质子交换膜燃料电池等先进能源系统商业化应用的关键。以金属有机框架材料ZIF-67为原料,通过热处理、磷掺杂等过程得到高性能的ORR催化剂。该催化剂对ORR具有优异的催化性能,相较于商业Pt/C催化剂,其具有更高中部电位(Half-wave potential)。与此同时,该催化剂还具有非常好的甲醇耐受性与稳定性,并对四电子催化过程具有非常高的选择性。     

氮掺杂碳纳米片的制备及其氧还原反应催化性能研究

氧还原反应(ORR)的催化剂是燃料电池等能量转换技术的核心问题。以糖粉、小苏打和三聚氰胺为主要原料,经过预碳化和高温裂解后,获得了氮掺杂的碳纳米片(NCNS)ORR催化剂。由于在碳纳米片中形成了吡啶氮和石墨氮,该催化剂在碱性条件下显示出优异的氧还原性能。电化学测试表明,半波还原电位为0.84 V(vs.RHE),极限电流密度为4.4m A/cm~2,二者均略优于商业铂/碳(Pt/C)催化剂,此外该ORR催化剂具有较好的稳定性和耐甲醇毒性。鉴于NCNS具有ORR催化活性高、制备方法简单、无贵金属掺杂等优点,其作为Pt/C催化剂的替代品将具有广阔的应用前景。     

氢燃料电池阴极氧还原反应电催化剂研究进展

氢燃料电池是一种将化学能直接转换为电能的能量转换装置,具有转换效率高、噪声低、无污染、原料多样且用途广泛等优点,但其阴极氧还原反应(oxygen reduction reaction,ORR)动力学缓慢,极大地限制了其大规模应用与发展．因此,研发高效、耐用兼具经济性的ORR电催化剂是当前研究热点之一．在众多科研工作者的努力下,关于ORR电催化剂的研究工作已取得了许多重要突破性进展．本综述系统介绍了ORR反应机制和目前3种主流类别的ORR电催化剂(贵金属、非贵金属、碳基)的研究进展,着重分析了不同催化剂体系的性能与优缺点,并探讨了高性能ORR电催化剂的合成策略及其未来的发展方向．      

ZIF-derived Co–N–C ORR catalyst with high performance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Metal and nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C) materials have been considered as the most promising non-precious metal oxygen reduction (ORR) catalysts to replace expensive Pt catalysts. Due to high Fenton catalytic activity of Fe element and the resulting instability, Co-based N–C (Co–N–C) catalysts without Fenton catalytic activity should be a worthier ORR catalyst being explored. Although the high ORR activity of Co–N–C catalyst has been demonstrated in aqueous half-cell tests, their performance under PEMFC working condition is still far away from that of state-of-the-art Fe–N–C catalysts. In this study, a high-performance Co–N–C catalyst was synthesized by one-step pyrolyzing Co-doped ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8) particles in-situ grown on the high-surface-area KJ600 carbon black with high electronic conductivity. The resulting Co–N–C catalyst exhibited high intrinsic ORR activity, fast mass transfer rate and high electronic conductivity, and thus yielded a remarkable peak power density of 0.92 W cm^-2 in H₂–O₂ PEMFC, which is comparable to state-of-the-art Fe–N–C catalyst. This strategy is helpful to synthesize highly active M-N-C ORR catalysts with improved mass transfer and electric conductivity.     

The synthesis and characterization of a Co-N/C composite catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic solution

A non-precious metal Co-N/C catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was synthesized by heating a mechanical mixture of cobalt chloride, urea and acetylene black under a nitrogen atmosphere. The catalyst was characterized by XRD and XPS. The electrocatalytic activity in the ORR was evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry in 0.5 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄ solution. The results show that the Co-N/C catalyst aids the reduction of oxygen. The presence of elemental cobalt in the precursor allows nitrogen atoms to embed themselves in the graphite matrix to form pyridinic and graphitic type C-N structures as the ORR active sites. The effect of heat-treating temperature on the catalytic activity was also investigated. The results also show that the Co-N/C catalyst is most active when pyrolyzed at 600°C. The obtained Co-N/C catalyst loses some activity after initial exposure to the H₂SO₄ solution because of leaching, but is then stable for up to 20 h immersion. The catalyst is also stable when charged, which is supported by the cyclic voltammetry results.     

Micro structure and application of mesoporous nanosize zirconia

The mesoporous nanoscale zircoina zeolite wasfirstly synthesized via solid state——Structure directing method without addition of any stabilizer. The sample bearslamellar or worm pore structures, relatively high surfacearea compared with that reported. The mesoporous nanosizestructure can also resist higher calcination temperature. Theintroduction of above zirconia to the catalyst of methanolsynthesis dedicates the nanosize particle size to the catalyst,which significantly changes the physical structure and electronic effect of the catalyst. The catalyst shows higher catalytic activity and selectivity to methanol. The active sites formethanol synthesis are demonstrated over various catalystsin this paper.     

N,S双掺杂碳纳米材料的合成及ORR性能研究

以生物质荆芥杆为前驱体,在N2气氛的保护下经高温碳化制备出了一种新型的用于燃料电池阴极氧还原的N、S双掺杂的非金属电催化剂,并研究了不同热解温度和洗涤条件对其催化性能的影响.结果表明,800℃热解及40℃稀盐酸洗涤所得产物的催化性能最优:在0.1mol·L-1 KOH溶液中,一步四电子还原过程,具有优异的催化氧还原活性、抗一氧化碳中毒以及抗甲醇干扰能力.     

钴基氧还原电催化材料研究进展

氧还原反应(oxygen reduction reaction,ORR)是能量转换和储存系统的关键电极反应。目前,贵金属基材料,如铂和钯,是ORR最有效的催化剂,但其地球储量稀少、价格昂贵,且抗甲醇和CO性能差。因此,开发新型、低成本、高性能的氧还原电催化剂对能源转化和储存具有重要意义。综述了近年来非贵金属钴(Co)基氧还原电催化材料的研究进展及其性能调控策略,分为Co合金、Co-N-C、Co纳米粒子、Co基氧化物、Co基磷化物和Co基硫化物等多种形式,并对未来开发低成本、高性能的氧还原催化剂进行了展望。     

Nickel-introduced structurally ordered PtCuNi/C as high performance electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Designing highly active and durable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts is essential for developing efficient proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this work, ordered PtCuNi/C nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using an impregnation reduction method. This study shows that the incorporation of Ni in ordered PtCu/C can effectively adjust the electronic structure of Pt, thereby optimizing oxygen binding energy for the ORR. The obtained intermetallic ordered PtCuNi/C NPs significantly improved ORR activity and durability compared to ordered PtCu/C. Specifically, PtCu_0·5Ni_0·5/C-700 shows a mass activity of 1.29 ​A ​mg _Pt⁻¹ ​at 0.9 ​V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is about 9.2 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C. PtCu_0.5Ni_0.5/C-700 is also shown to be competent cathode catalyst for a single-cell system exhibiting high power density (461 ​mW ​cm⁻²). This work demonstrates that ordered PtCu_0·5Ni_0·5/C-700 can be used as a highly active and durable ORR catalyst in PEMFCs.     

生物模板剂合成介孔氧化铈及其催化性能

以无污染简单易得的天然材料壳聚糖为模板剂合成介孔氧化铈材料,并研究了材料的结构和催化性能.介孔Ce02的孔道结构由直径为5-8 nm的颗粒堆积形成,孔道孔径分布较为均匀,集中在5-10 nm,材料的比表面积约为102 m^2·g^-1.与氧化铈参比样相比,介孔氧化铈具有更好的氧化能力和催化活性,因为材料高比表面积导致了更多活性位点的暴露和表面活性氧的增多.介孔氧化铈的%T50转化率为50％时的温度点）约为300℃,远低于亚微米参比样的430℃.     

A novel bimetallic RuFe nanocluster to enable highly efficient oxygen reduction in zinc-air batteries

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have the advantages of high energy density and safety but their large-scale application is hindered by sluggish kinetics of four-electron aqueous O₂ redox reactions. Widely used Ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts possess intrinsic oxygen evolution catalytic activity but suffer from insufficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. Herein, to optimize the ORR activity of Ru-based catalyst, an iron (Fe)-coordinated, bimetallic RuFe cluster is constructed and homogeneously dispersed within nitrogen (N)-doped carbon layers (denoted as RuFe@NC). Benefitting from the optimized ORR activity and more active site exposure, the RuFe@NC exhibits superior ORR activity with a half wave potential (E_1/2) of 0.88 ?V higher than that of Pt/C (0.82 ?V). Accordingly, the RuFe@NC-based ZAB outperforms the Pt/C ?+ ?IrO₂-based device, presenting a reduced polarization of 0.7 ?V and an enhanced cycling lifetime of 50 ?h at 10 ?mA ?cm^?2. Moreover, the optimized structural design ultralow Ru loading (0.013 mg_Ru cm^?2) overcomes the cost barriers and demonstrates its high practicality. This bimetallic RuFe nanocluster opens a new way for future design of more efficient and stable catalytic systems.     

供氢剂及其前身物在渣油加氢裂化中的作用

对供氢剂及其前身物的化学变化规律以及渣油的裂化反应的分析表明 ,供氢剂与分散型催化剂的协同使用可较大程度地降低渣油的加氢裂化生焦量 ,而裂化转化率略有降低。 3种供氢剂的抑制生焦能力由大到小依次为二氢蒽 ,四氢萘 ,十氢萘。其中 ,二氢蒽是很好的供氢剂。供氢剂前身物与分散型催化剂协同使用也可以起到相同或类似的作用 ,3种供氢剂前身物的抑制生焦能力由大到小依次为蒽 ,菲 ,1 甲基萘。在渣油临氢催化条件下 ,供氢剂前身物能起到与二氢蒽和四氢萘类似的作用 ,催化剂的存在有助于实现供氢剂与多环芳烃的可逆反应。在分散型催化剂存在下外加多环芳烃的催化加氢实验结果说明 ,分散型催化剂在渣油加氢裂化体系中主要起着氢化多环芳烃和稳定自由基两种作用。外加的多环芳烃与外加供氢剂 (尤其是三环以上的芳烃 )起着将气相氢向液相传递的作用 ,催化剂的存在有助于加速这一过程。