纳米复合Li2SO4质子传导膜H2S中温燃料电池

开发了一种制备纳米复合Li_2SO_4质子传导电解质和膜电极组装(MEA)的工艺.与传统的丝网涂布工艺不同,新的制备工艺是将阳极、阴极催化剂与纳米复合电解质同时一次压制成MEA.这就使得MEA的设计具有某些结构上的特点,由于膜厚减少和电极与电解质之间的接触良好,可以降低电解质与电极之间的欧姆电阻,提高其机械和导电性能,增加膜的质子传导性以及改善电池的性能.用电子扫描电镜(SEM)和电化学阻抗分析技术对电解质薄膜进行了表征,结果表明,纳米复合材料改善了MEA的总体性能.由于膜的致密性和不透气性,不会发生气体穿透过膜的现象.MEA在H_2S环境中很稳定.电池结构为H_2S,(MoS_2/NiS Ag 电解质量 淀粉) /Li_2SO_4 Al_2O_3/(NiO Ag 电解质量 淀粉),空气、MEA厚为0.8mm、电解质组成为65% Li_2SO_4 35% Al_2O_3的单电池在680℃时产生最大功率密度为130mW/cm~2,相应的电流密度为200mW/cm~2.     

Li2SO4质子传导膜H2S固体氧化物燃料电池研究

制备和研究了具有H2S,(MoS2 NiS Ag)/Li2SO4 Al2O3/(NiO Ag),air结构的H2S固体氧化物燃料电池用于产生电能和脱除燃料气体中的H2S.电池在600～650 ℃和大气压下运行.燃料电池的电化学性能受电解膜的组成,电极材料和操作温度影响.掺杂了Al2O3 和少量H3BO4的Li2SO4质子传导膜可以提高膜的机械强度和性能,改善膜的致密性和电池的性能.适宜的Li2SO4 和 Al2O3 比为3～4∶1(质量比), 适宜掺杂H3BO4的量为2%～5%(w).掺杂了Ag粉和电解质的金属硫化物复合阳极在H2S气流下很稳定和性能很好, 掺杂了Ag粉和电解质的的NiO复合阴极在去除H2S时性能优于Pt电极催化剂.在650 ℃电池的最大输出功率密度为70 mW·cm -2,最大电流密度为180 mA·cm -2.然而,电池长期运行的稳定性实验仍有待研究.     

H2S含量及流量对燃料电池性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米级Li2SO4+Li2WO4+Al2O3复合质子传导膜,考察了在不同H2S气体含量、体积流量和操作温度下,结构为H2S、(复合MoS2阳极催化剂)/复合质子传导膜/(复合NiO阴极催化剂)、空气的燃料电池的电化学特性,并比较了MoS2与复合MoS2催化剂的性能.结果表明:H2S含量和体积流量增加,提高了阳极侧气体扩散速率和电化学活性组分,使燃料电池的电压、输出电流与功率密度提高,电化学性能变好;即使气体中的H2S含量低达5%(摩尔分数)时,也可作为电池的燃料用来发电;操作温度增加,质子传导膜的电传导率和电化学反应速率增加,电池的输出电流与功率密度提高;复合MoS2催化剂比MoS2催化剂具有更好的性能和化学稳定性;当采用纯H2S作为燃料,复合MoS2作为阳极催化剂,通入阳极和阴极侧的H2S和空气的体积流量分别为35mL/min和100mL/min,操作温度为650、700和750℃时,燃料电池最大输出功率密度分别为12.4、52.9和130.0mW/cm2,最大电流密度分别为45、281和350mA/cm2.     

一种以H2S为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池

研究了在一个大气压和750～850℃下,具有H2S、(MoS2 NiS Ag)／YSZ／Pt和空气结构的固体氧化物燃料电池的电化学性能,发现升温有助于增强电解质的离子传导性,使电池性能变好．在750℃下,阳极通入H2S、阴极通入空气时,电池的最大电流密度和最大功率密度分别达800mA／cm^2和84mW／cm^2;在850℃下,电池的最大电流密度和功率密度分别达1750mA／cm^2和200mW／cm^2．     

H2S气体浓度及流率对复合质子传导膜燃料电池性能的影响

采用溶胶—凝胶法制备了纳米级Li2SO4+Li2WO4+Al2O3复合质子传导膜,研究了不同H2S气体浓度、流率和操作温度对结构为H2S、（复合MoS2阳极催化剂）/ 复合质子传导膜/（复合NiO阴极催化剂）、空气的燃料电池电化学性能影响。燃料电池的性能与通入阳极侧的H2S浓度和流率有关,H2S浓度和流率增加,提高了阳极侧气体扩散速率和电化学活性组分,使燃料电池的开路电压、输出电流与功率密度提高,电化学性能变好。即使气体中的H2S浓度低达5%时,该气体也可作为电池的燃料并用来发电。操作温度增加,质子传导膜的电传导率和电化学反应速率增加,电池的输出电流与功率密度提高。比较了MoS2与复合MoS2催化剂的性能,复合MoS2催化剂比MoS2催化剂具有更好的性能和化学稳定性。当采用纯H2S作为燃料,通入阳极和阴极侧的H2S和空气的流率分别为35mlmin-1和100mlmin-1,操作温度为650、700和750oC时,燃料电池产生的最大功率密度为12.4、52.9和130 mWcm-2、最大电流密度为45、281和350 mAcm-2。     

直接甲醇燃料电池运行参数的研究

以载量均为4 mg/cm2的Pt-Ru黑和Pt黑分别为阳极、阴极催化剂,以碳布为扩散层,以Nafion115为质子交换膜,制备膜电极,组装直接甲醇燃料电池并通过恒电位法和交流阻抗法分别测试性能和阻抗. 研究考察了各种工艺参数对电池电化学性能的影响,得出55 ℃下最佳工艺参数为:甲醇浓度为1.5 mol/L、流量为1.5mL/min时阳极反应达到最优,氧气压力在0.3 MPa、流量在800 mL/min时阴极反应达到最佳.     

异型Ti电极直接乙醇燃料电池的制备与性能

采用Pt/C作为阴极催化剂,PtRu/C作为阳极催化剂,Nafion115和Nafion液涂覆膜作为质子交换膜,管状Ti丝(管)和平板式Ti网作为制备异型直接乙醇燃料电池的阴极和阳极的载体材料,制备管状阴极和平板阳极.观察了异型阴极和阳极的组织和结构,并通过单电池试验,研究了异型电极对直接乙醇燃料电池(DEFCs)性能的影响.结果表明,管状阴极涂覆的Nafion膜均匀一致,阳极催化剂与Ti网的结合能力较强,较高的O2流量有利于提高DEFCs单电池的性能,当膜载量达到25.0 mg/cm2以上时,会提高DEFCs单电池阻抗,当膜载量小于20.2 mg/cm2时,电池的使用寿命大大降低.     

固体聚合物电解池膜电极优化研究

采用催化剂直接涂膜(CCM)方法制备膜电极(MEA),研究阴极和阳极催化层中使用不同催化剂活性组分担载量对膜电极性能的影响。采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)分析MEA的电化学特性。研究结果表明:阳极催化层中,随着Ir担载量的增加,在相同电流密度条件下,电解池的极化电压下降,当Ir担载量增加到2.5 mg/cm~2以上,极化电压趋于稳定;阴极催化层中,随着Pt担载量的增加,在相同电流密度条件下,电解池的极化电压下降,当Pt担载量增加到0.5 mg/cm~2以上,极化电压下降不明显,趋于稳定。随着电极催化层活性组分担载量的增加,MEA的欧姆阻抗R?和电荷传递阻抗RCT的减小。对于阴极催化层,当Pt/C催化层的催化剂担载量过多时,由于传质和电荷传递阻力显著增加,导致MEA的R?和RCT增大。阳极催化层Ir的最佳担载量为2.5 mg/cm~2,阴极催化层Pt的最佳担载量为0.5 mg/cm~2。     

直接甲醇燃料电池电化学性能

以Pt-Ru/C和Pt/C分别为阳极、阴极催化剂,自制了膜电极,并组装了直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)以及测试系统.通过稳态电流-电压极化曲线法,研究了甲醇流量、甲醇浓度、甲醇温度以及空气增湿温度对DMFC电化学性能的影响.研究结果表明,在电池温度为25 ℃以及阴极为自然空气的条件下,当DMFC输出电压为0.22 V时,其输出电流密度和峰值功率密度分别可以达到68 Ma·cm-2和14.8 Mw·cm-2,且各因素对电池性能存在着明显的影响.实验的最佳运行工艺参数:甲醇流量为2 Ml·min-1,甲醇浓度为2 mol·L-1,甲醇温度为30 ℃,空气增湿温度为40～60 ℃.     

直接甲醇燃料电池管状阴极的制备与性能

以管状金属钛网为支撑体,采用浸涂工艺在其外表面依次制备了气体扩散层、Pt/C催化层和Nafion 膜,制得管状阴极,并分析了影响电池性能的因素.研究结果表明,采用浆液浸涂工艺制备的阴极气体扩散层与催化层,均具有有利于气体传质和电化学反应的多孔结构.随着阴极催化剂载量的增加,单电池的性能也逐渐提高.当Pt载量为4.3 mg/cm2时,常温下以空气作为氧化剂,电池功率密度峰值约为12.3 mW/cm2,而同样的电池,在60 ℃下以氧气作为氧化剂,则可以达到40.0 mW/cm2,这表明温度和氧化剂种类与催化剂载量一样,是影响电池性能的重要因素.电池经约100 h工作时间后进行的等电压放电试验结果表明,该管状Ti基阴极的电化学稳定性优良.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-