双语语义表征的脑功能成像研究

简介了认知心理学和认知神经科学有关双语语义表征的理论观点及其研究方法,重点总结了近几年来双语语义表征的脑功能成像研究结果,指出当前双语脑功能研究的主要问题是：1) 不同语言的语义表征是否具有完全一致的神经基础;2) 语言熟练程度和语言获得年龄对语义表征及其神经基础有什么影响;3) 两种语言的转换和翻译由哪些脑区负责,是否具有特异性     

普通话－粤语双语使用及翻译心理研究

运用设计的普通话－粤语双语失语症检测法，调查７４名正常双语者。对两种语言使用环境、使用场合，语言形式的使用、翻译结果等进行了分析。认为语言习得直接影响两语言的能力。两语言形式上使用不平衡影响翻译结果。两语言翻译经多种转换形式，产生许多特殊心理现象。书面语对认知心理的作用值得深入研究     

Early scale effect and hemisphere superiority on the visual spatial attention: From the electrophysiological evidence of ERP

The visual attention mechanism in the brain was studied among 16 young subjects through the precue-target visual search paradigm using the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique, with the attentive ranges cued with different scales of Chinese words. The results showed that the response time was shortened as the cue scale was reduced, while the amplitudes of the P1 and N1 components of the ERPs increased. These results not only provided the electrophysiological evidence supporting the spotlight theory, but also indicated that the spotlight effect occurred during the early period of the selected attention. Two kinds of separation in the P2 effect were observed. One separation was between the P1 effect and P2 effect, which meant that additional computation was needed when the spatial scale of attention was enlarged; the other was between the left and right hemisphere of the P2 effect, which indicates that the attentive processing of the cue range mainly occurred in the left hemisphere.     

Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association

The neuroelectric activity of the human brain that accompanies linguistic processing can be studied through recordings of event-related potentials (e.r.p. components) from the scalp. The e.r.ps triggered by verbal stimuli have been related to several different aspects of language processing. For example, the N400 component, peaking around 400 ms post-stimulus, appears to be a sensitive indicator of the semantic relationship between a word and the context in which it occurs. Words that complete sentences in a nonsensical fashion elicit much larger N400 waves than do semantically appropriate words or non-semantic irregularities in a text. In the present study, e.r.ps were recorded in response to words that completed meaningful sentences. The amplitude of the N400 component of the e.r.p. was found to be an inverse function of the subject's expectancy for the terminal word as measured by its 'Cloze probability'. In addition, unexpected words that were semantically related to highly expected words elicited lower N400 amplitudes. These findings suggest N400 may reflect processes of semantic priming or activation.     

Neural mechanisms of unconscious visual motion priming

The neural correlates of the motion priming were examined in normal young subjects using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Visual motion perception can be uncon-sciously biased in favor of a particular direction by a pre-ceding motion in that direction. Motion priming first in-volved an enhancement of ERP amplitude about 100 ms fol-lowing the onset of motion. The amplitudes of ERP compo-nents after 350 ms were also increased. The fMRI results suggest that the early-latency effect reflects modulation of neural responses in extrastriate cortex. Higher-level visual processing areas, including cortical regions MT/MST and the intraparietal cortices were also activated. The findings provide direct evidence that unconscious priming of motion perception is the result of interaction of direction-selective neural responses to motion stimuli. The results cannot be accounted for by refractoriness of neural responses, but in-stead support a theory of motion priming based on motion opponency, as proposed in computational models.     

Frequency of word-use predicts rates of lexical evolution throughout Indo-European history

Greek speakers say "omicronupsilonrho", Germans "schwanz" and the French "queue" to describe what English speakers call a 'tail', but all of these languages use a related form of 'two' to describe the number after one. Among more than 100 Indo-European languages and dialects, the words for some meanings (such as 'tail') evolve rapidly, being expressed across languages by dozens of unrelated words, while others evolve much more slowly--such as the number 'two', for which all Indo-European language speakers use the same related word-form. No general linguistic mechanism has been advanced to explain this striking variation in rates of lexical replacement among meanings. Here we use four large and divergent language corpora (English, Spanish, Russian and Greek) and a comparative database of 200 fundamental vocabulary meanings in 87 Indo-European languages to show that the frequency with which these words are used in modern language predicts their rate of replacement over thousands of years of Indo-European language evolution. Across all 200 meanings, frequently used words evolve at slower rates and infrequently used words evolve more rapidly. This relationship holds separately and identically across parts of speech for each of the four language corpora, and accounts for approximately 50% of the variation in historical rates of lexical replacement. We propose that the frequency with which specific words are used in everyday language exerts a general and law-like influence on their rates of evolution. Our findings are consistent with social models of word change that emphasize the role of selection, and suggest that owing to the ways that humans use language, some words will evolve slowly and others rapidly across all languages.     

Lexical organization of nouns and verbs in the brain

The analysis of neuropsychological disorders of lexical processing has provided important clues about the general organization of the lexical system and the internal structure of the processing components. Reports of patients with selective dysfunction of specific semantic categories such as abstract versus concrete words, living things versus inanimate objects, animals, fruits and vegetables, proper names and so forth, support the hypothesis that the neural organization of the semantic processing component is organized in these categories. There are reports of selective dysfunction of the grammatical categories noun and verb, suggesting that a dimension of lexical organization is the grammatical class of words. But the results reported in these studies have not provided unambiguous evidence concerning two fundamental questions about the nature and the locus of this organization within the lexical system. Is the noun-verb distinction represented in the semantic or in the phonological and orthographic lexicons? Is grammatical-class knowledge represented independently of lexical forms or is it represented separately and redundantly within each modality-specific lexicon? Here we report the performance of two brain-damaged subjects with modality-specific deficits restricted principally (H.W.) or virtually only (S.J.D) to verbs in oral and written production, respectively. The contrasting performance suggests that grammatical-class distinctions are redundantly represented in the phonological and orthographic output lexical components.     

感情色彩双字词内隐加工的ERP研究

以汉语情感词系统中的汉语双字词作实验材料,记录20名大学生在执行情绪词汇判定任务时的事件相关电位(ERP), 初步探讨被试对汉语感情色彩双字词进行内隐加工时的脑内时程动态变化.结果显示:正性词或负性词诱发的ERP波幅比中性词诱发的ERP波幅大,而正性词与负性词诱发的ERP波幅之间差异不显著.正性词和负性词诱发的晚正成分(LPC)都是左半球大于右半球,右半球优势和愉悦度优势均不明显.研究结果提供了感情色彩双字词内隐加工的情绪效应及其优势半球的电生理学证据.     

汉语语音敏感性和英语单词记忆的关系

本研究以中国大陆成年人为被试,探讨了汉语语音敏感性与英语单词记忆之间的关系。研究结果表明,成年人的汉语语音敏感性（韵脚敏感性、首音敏感性）对英语单词记忆具有较强的跨语言预测作用。汉语拼音学习过程中的语音表征符号化、形式化是促进成年人汉语语音敏感性的主要原因。     

大学英语词汇自主学习能力的培养

词汇是语言系统的主要构件,也是语言学习中的重要部分和最难掌握的部分之一。词汇习得(注1)包含的内容非常广泛,除词汇本身的音形义之外,还包括文化、语用和心理学等领域。传统的课堂词汇教学和死记硬背的词汇学习已远不能适应社会的要求,词汇习得问题是当前大学英语教学中亟待解决的问题之一。只有把课堂词汇学习融入到学习者的自主学习中,提高学习者词汇自主学习能力才能更好地帮助他们提高语言学习水平,这也是语言教师不断探索的目标。本文结合词汇习得的心理学特点,就如何培养学习者的词汇自主学习能力进行探讨。     

Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used to study the operational organization of the human brain, but the exact relationship between the measured fMRI signal and the underlying neural activity is unclear. Here we present simultaneous intracortical recordings of neural signals and fMRI responses. We compared local field potentials (LFPs), single- and multi-unit spiking activity with highly spatio-temporally resolved blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI responses from the visual cortex of monkeys. The largest magnitude changes were observed in LFPs, which at recording sites characterized by transient responses were the only signal that significantly correlated with the haemodynamic response. Linear systems analysis on a trial-by-trial basis showed that the impulse response of the neurovascular system is both animal- and site-specific, and that LFPs yield a better estimate of BOLD responses than the multi-unit responses. These findings suggest that the BOLD contrast mechanism reflects the input and intracortical processing of a given area rather than its spiking output.     

彝语形容词词类问题

日本学者小门典夫《凉山彝语词类研究》一书中取消形容词,说＂所谓形容词不算是一个词,而不过是一个词素＂。根据彝语词类划分来看,形容词是区别于其他实词的一个类,它不能归并于其他实词。文章就彝语形容词这个问题进行讨论。     

社会认知神经科学关于自我的研究

过去 10 年间, 神经科学运用脑成像技术, 如功能性磁共振成像( functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI) 和事件相关电位( event-related potentials, ERP), 开始了在社会认知神经科学领域关于自我的研究, 并取得重要进展。作者首先回顾了重要的研究成果, 包括自我参照加工的神经机制、关于自我的自动加工与控制加工的区分以及文化对自我结构相关脑区的影响; 然后从实验范式、自我和他人的差别以及我国文化神经科学研究现状 3 个角度, 探讨了未来的研究方向。     

Deactivations during the numerical processing

Deactivation has been encountered frequently in functional brain imaging researches. However, the deactivations during the numerical processing have not been reported yet. In this study, the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to investigate the pattern of the deactivation in the brain of 15 healthy subjects during the numerical addition task. Analyses revealed significant deactivations in several brain regions, including the posterior cingulate, precuneus, anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex. Especially, we found notable deactivation in bilateral insula. Accounting for the cognitive functions of these regions participating in a combinated way, we discuss their contributions in sustaining the brain activity during conscious resting state, and indicate that the insula is an important area of gathering auditory information from the external world.     

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of amphetamine craving

The aim of this study is to identify the brain activity associated with amphetamine craving for understanding the neurobiology of addiction by watching pictures of happy, sad or amphetamine. Brain activity was measured in 12 amphetamine addicts and 12 healthy subjects by fMRI while the subjects watched pictures designed to elicit happy feelings, sad feelings, or the desire to use amphetamine. The result demonstrated that amphetamine cues led to abnormally high cingulate and low frontal lobe activation in amphetamine addicts, who showed abnormalities in affect-related brain activation.     

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of amphetamine craving

The aim of this study is to identify the brain activity associated with amphetamine craving for understanding the neurobiology of addiction by watching pictures of happy, sad or amphetamine. Brain activity was measured in 12 amphetamine addicts and 12 healthy subjects by fMRI while the subjects watched pictures designed to elicit happy feelings, sad feelings, or the desire to use amphetamine. The result demonstrated that amphetamine cues led to abnormally high cingulate and low frontal lobe activation in amphetamine addicts, who showed abnormalities in affect-related brain activation.     

成人英语语音敏感性与单词记忆关系研究——以福建闽南理工学院英语系部分学生为例

以中国大陆成年人为被试,探讨英语语音敏感性与英语单词记忆之间的关系。40名大学二年级学生参加了实验。结果表明,成年人的英语语音敏感性任务：音位分割、音位删除以及音位计数对英语单词记忆具有较强的预测作用。英语学习过程中对符号化、形式化语音表征形式的较好提取、操纵、加工和整合能力是促进成年人英语语音敏感性的主要原因。     

C语言双语教学研究

本文以电类专业公共平台课程C语言课程为例,讨论了当前双语教学的授课优缺点,分析了C语言课程双语教学的可行性和应用前景,为进一步促进双语教学大面积推广,提高学生的专业素质和英语交流能力提供了参考。     

论语言的模糊性

人的思维具有模糊性,是人类大脑高度发达的表现。人的思维具有模糊性导致人的语言也具有模糊性。语言的模糊性不仅丝毫无损人类语言的交际功能,反而极大地增强了语言的柔性和张力。词区分为模糊词和精确词。现代口语中模糊词使用的频率很高。有时精确词的含义也会变成模糊的。语法学家无法消除语法范畴中的各种模糊现象。在文学创作中,模糊语言有它特殊的表达功能,它可以增添含蓄蕴藉的审美效果。