Cr35Ni45钢高温长期服役过程的氧化与渗碳机理

采用扫描电镜、电子探针和X射线衍射等手段对不同服役时间(原始态、1.5a和6a)Cr35Ni45乙烯裂解炉管内壁的氧化与渗碳机理进行了系统分析.结果表明:高温长时服役后炉管内壁出现了氧化层、碳化物贫化区和碳化物富集区三个区域,其氧化行为包括Cr2O3外氧化和SiO2内氧化,且服役过程中外氧化膜发生反复破坏和重建;炉管服役过程的渗碳行为主要由内表面结焦引起,外氧化膜的反复破坏可以加重渗碳,但外氧化膜在破坏后能自动修复,所以服役态两个炉管的渗碳程度较轻;外氧化膜的反复破坏和重建使亚表层贫铬,导致形成碳化物的临界碳浓度增加,在内壁亚表层形成贫碳化物区,多余的碳原子在其内侧析出,形成碳化物富集区.     

Cr25Ni35Nb和Cr35Ni45Nb裂解炉管的抗高温渗碳能力

以Cr25Ni35Nb和Cr35Ni45Nb合金为炉管材料对象,通过渗碳试验研究了高温(1 000和1 100 °C)下2种合金的渗碳动力学规律,采用金相和扫描电子显微镜观察分析其中Fe、Cr、Ni与Nb元素含量和渗碳层变化、组织结构及微区成分转变的情况,并对其抗渗碳能力进行分析.结果表明：Cr35Ni45Nb的抗渗碳能力比Cr25Ni35Nb更强;经2次渗碳后,2种合金试样出现了表面渗碳层剥落的现象,且Cr25Ni35Nb较为严重,并使得裂解炉管结焦而管壁变薄,从而降低了炉管的承载能力和服役寿命;合金的非渗碳层区域析出了大量弥散的碳化物,碳化物的密度随渗碳层与试样表面距离的增加而降低;在1 100 °C下,2种合金的骨架状组织形态消失,且晶界处碳化物出现了剥离.     

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M23 C6型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M7 C3型和M23 C6型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M7 C3型为主,少量M23 C6以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.     

Cr12MoV冷作模具钢渗铬层界面能谱分析

采用粉末法对Cr12MoV冷作模具钢进行渗铬处理,通过SEM,XRD和EDS等手段对渗铬层表面-界面形貌、物相组成和化学元素线能谱、面能谱扫描进行分析,探讨渗铬层组织结构和元素变化。研究结果表明:渗铬层由沉积层和扩散层构成,Cr和C原子在沉积层相互结合,形成铬碳化物Cr_(23)C_6相,在一定程度上抑制Cr原子的扩散和O原子的侵蚀;扩散层内Cr和Fe原子相互渗透,形成Fe-Cr固溶体相。     

Fe-V合金碳化物析出型渗碳(CDC)组织

通过金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及X射线分析研究了Fe V合金CDC处理后表层的相组成、渗层组织和碳的扩散行为·结果表明所有Fe V合金渗层组织由表及里依次为γ +V4 C3 ,α +V4 C3 及α ,最表层碳化物的尺寸为 2 5 0nm ,随渗层的深入碳化物颗粒有所粗化 ,在α相区碳化物的尺寸达 2 5 μm ;CDC处理得到的奥氏体区的厚度与渗碳时间的平方根成正比 ,碳的扩散速度随合金质量分数的增加而降低·     

奥氏体化温度对复合轧辊表面工作层组织的影响

通过离心铸造方法制备了外加铬铁颗粒增强双金属复合材料环形铸件,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对双金属复合材料铸件在不同热处理工艺条件下的组织进行了研究。研究结果表明:在本试验条件下,双金属复合材料环形铸件外部高铬铸铁层的铸态组织为:Cr7C3、少量Cr23C6型碳化物、少量Cr3C型碳化物、珠光体基体、残余奥氏体;经热处理后其组织为:Cr7C3、少量Cr23C6型碳化物、少量Cr3C型碳化物、回火马氏体、二次碳化物、残余奥氏体,并且碳化物形态及分布有所改善。     

奥氏体不锈钢在高温钠中的质量迁移效应研究

本文应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、俄歇能谱仪分析国产316Ti和321奥氏体不锈钢在650℃流动钠中浸泡4000、5000、8000、10000n后试样表面组成相类型、化学成分和显微组织沿横截面变化及试样表面腐蚀形貌。研究结果表明,国产316Ti和321奥氏体不锈钢在高温流动钠中浸泡后有明显的质量迁移效应。液态钠中所含碳向钢中扩散,钢中Ni、Cr合金元素向流动钠中扩散,引起钢增碳和Ni、Cr元素减少,钢表面的化学成分和组成相及显微组织发生明显变化。其表面组成相为铁素体、奥氏体和M_(23)C_6型碳化物,无σ相·随浸泡时间延长,表面铁素体量增多。表面组织为粒状α+M_(23)C_6+γ;次表层组织为晶界α+M_(23)C_6+γ;心部组织为σ+γ或晶界α+M_(23)C_6+σ+γ,在晶界铁素体层和心部组织之间有一无α、无σ相的碳化物沉淀区(M_(23)C_6+γ)。随浸泡时间继续延长,表层粒状铁素体层深增加,晶界铁素体层和碳化物沉淀区向心部延伸。试样表面产生腐蚀沟槽、晶界腐蚀和腐蚀坑及腐蚀裂纹,浸泡时间再延长,腐蚀加剧。321钢比316Ti钢质量迁移效应明显,腐蚀抗力差。     

含Hf和Ta新型镍基高温合金粉末中碳化物相

对含Hf和Ta新型镍基高温合金FGH98Ⅰ等离子旋转电极(PREP)雾化原始和不同温度下预热处理粉末中的碳化物相进行了研究.结果表明:原始粉末中MC′型碳化物可分为两类,一类为富Ti、Ta和Nb,另一类为含Ta、Hf和Zr.两类碳化物均含有一定量非碳化物形成元素Co和Ni及中等强碳化物形成元素Cr和Mo,并以块状、粒状分布于枝晶或胞晶间;随着预热处理温度升高,粉末中富Ti、Ta和Nb的MC′型碳化物转变为MC型碳化物,且其所含Ti、Ta和Nb的总量增大;含Ta、Hf和Zr的MC′型碳化物发生分解和转变,析出稳定的M23C6、M6C和MC型碳化物,M23C6碳化物的析出和溶解温度为950℃和1150℃,M23C6和M6C碳化物共存温度为1000～1100℃.另外,粉末中微量元素Hf和Ta主要以碳化物和γ′相参与碳化物反应.     

三种高碳中合金钢在热处理过程中的碳化物转变及形貌

研究表明,三种高碳中合金钢加热至αγ温度区附近,M23C6和M3C会逐渐溶解于基体中,退火过程逐渐析出M23C6、M3C,并在αγ温度区发生M23C6M6C转变,而球状VC则变化不大,其碳化物超细化主要由溶解、形核的转变过程所引起.碳化物细化及不均匀程度依赖于碳化物类型及其比例,因此,合理的成分设计是常规锻轧和热处理工艺下获得超细碳化物高碳中合金钢的关键.     

长期高温服役CO转化炉炉管的损伤

采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对长期高温服役CO转化炉炉管材料HP40Nb合金进行微观组织的观察和相组成的能谱分析,并在900℃条件下对炉管材料的高温力学性能进行测试。结果表明:在长期高温服役过程中,炉管已受到一定程度的损伤。HP40Nb合金晶界上存在单个和链状的蠕变孔洞及微裂纹,沿晶分布的骨架状共晶碳化物逐渐发生分解,形成蠕虫状和块状碳化物,基体中弥散析出二次碳化物。在相演变过程中,部分碳化铌(NbC)转变成富含Ni、Nb、Si的脆性G相(Ni_(16)Nb_6Si_7),G相转变过程中释放出的C元素与Cr元素结合,使得晶界处的富Cr碳化物(M_(23)C_6)数量不断增加并粗化长大。微观组织的改变、G相的形成和晶界处新析出M_(23)C_6碳化物的增加,导致材料的高温力学性能发生变化。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.