An equation of entransy transfer and its application

Entransy is a physical quantity describing heat transfer ability, and heat transfer is accompanied by entransy transfer. Thermal energy is conserved in its transfer process, while entransy is dissipated because of the irreversibility of its transfer process. As a result, entransy transfer must have its rules which are different from those of thermal energy transfer. Based on the definition of entransy, an entransy transfer equation is derived, which describes the entransy transfer processes of a multi-component viscous fluid subject to heat transfer by conduction and convection, mass diffusion and chemical reactions. The expressions of entransy flux and entransy dissipation are obtained simultaneously, and their physical mechanism is clarified. And further, the theory and method of optimizing heat transfer applying the entransy transfer equation to the steady-state convection heat transfer process are expounded. The minimum thermal resistance principle and the entransy dissipation extremum principle are obtained by applying the steady-state entransy transfer equation to the steady-state convection heat transfer process. The cases of the single-component steady-state convection heat transfer and the steady-state heat conduction show the application of the theory and method.     

Constructal entransy dissipation rate minimization for heat conduction based on a tapered element

Based on constructal theory,the structure of a tapered element and high-conductivity link is optimized by taking the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate as the optimization objective.The results show that the mean temperature difference of the heat transfer cannot always decrease when the internal complexity of the control-volume increases.There exists an optimal constructal order leading to the minimum mean temperature difference for heat transfer.The thermal current density in high-conductivity links with variable shapes does not linearly depend on the length.Therefore,the optimized constructs based on the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate are different from those based on the minimization of the maximum temperature difference.Compared with the construct based on the minimization of the maximum temperature difference,the construct based on the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate can reduce the mean temperature difference,and improve the heat transfer performance significantly.Because entransy describes the heat transfer ability more suitably,various constructal problems in heat conduction may be addressed more effectively using this basis.     

Constructal entransy optimizations for insulation layer of steel rolling reheating furnace wall with convective and radiative boundary conditions

Based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle for thermal insulation process, the constructal optimizations for a plane insulation layer of the steel rolling reheating furnace wall with convective and radiative boundary conditions are carried out by taking the minimization of entransy dissipation rate as optimization objective. The optimal construct of the plane insulation layer is obtained. The results show that for the convective heat transfer boundary condition, the optimal constructs of the insulation layer obtained based on the minimizations of the entransy dissipation rate and heat loss rate are obvi- ously different. Comparing the optimal construct obtained based on the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate with that based on the minimization of the heat loss rate, the entransy dissipation rate is reduced by 5.98 %, which makes the global thermal insulation performance of the insulation layer improve. For the combined convective and radiative heat transfer boundary condition, compared the insulation layer having an increasing thickness with that having constant thickness and a decreasing thickness, the entransy dissipation rates are reduced by 16.59 % and 39.72 %, respectively, and the global thermal insulation performance of the insulation layer is greatly improved.There exits an optimal constant coefficient α2,opt which leads to the minimum dimensionless entransy dissipation rate of the insulation layer. The difference between the optimal constant coefficients α2,opt obtained based on the minimizations of the entransy dissipation rate and the maximum temperature gradient of the insulation layer is small. This makes the corresponding thermal stress obtained based on the minimum dimensionless entransy dissipation rate also be small, and the global thermal insulation performance and thermal safety of the insulation layer are improved simultaneously. The results obtained can provide some guidelines for the optimal designs of the insulation layers.     

Entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance analysis of heat exchanger networks

Heat exchanger network optimization has an important role in high-efficiency energy utilization and energy conservation. The thermal resistance of a heat exchanger network is defined based on its entransy dissipation. In two-stream heat exchanger networks, only heat exchanges between hot and cold fluids are considered. Thermal resistance analysis indicates that the maximum heat transfer rate between two fluids corresponds to the minimum entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance; i.e. the minimum thermal resistance principle can be exploited in optimizing heat exchanger networks.     

Constructal optimization on T-shaped cavity based on entransy dissipation minimization

The entransy dissipation extremum principle provides new warranty and criterion for optimization of heat transfer. For a heat transfer model of a rectangular solid wall with an open T-shaped cavity, a dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance based on entransy dissipation is taken as optimization objective, and constructal optimization for the model is carried out when the system volume, the cavity volume and the volume of rectangle occupied by T-shaped cavity are fixed. Numerical results indicate that the optimal geometry construct of cavity can be schemed out based on entransy dissipation extremum principle. The formulation of dimensionless global （maximum） thermal resistance presented in a literature is modified; some new rules which are different from those reported in the literature are obtained based on the minimization of the modified objective. Comparisons of the numerical results show that the optimal system constructs deduced respectively from the two thermal resistance objectives are very different. The optimization by taking equivalent thermal resistance minimization as objective can more effectively reduce mean temperature difference of heat transfer than the optimization by taking maximum thermal resistance minimization as objective, so that the performance of heat transfer for the total system can be improved. The more freedom the cavity has, the better the total system performance is. The correlations of the equivalent thermal resistance and the maximum thermal resistance of the system and three geometric degrees of freedom are found by using function fitting.     

The entransy dissipation minimization principle under given heat duty and heat transfer area conditions

Under given heat duty and heat transfer area conditions, the equipartition of the entransy dissipation (EoED) principle, the equipartition of the temperature difference (EoTD) principle, and the equipartition of the heat flux (EoHF) principle are applied to the optimization design of a heat exchanger with a variable heat transfer coefficient. The results show that the difference between the results obtained using the EoED and EoTD principles is very small, far smaller than that between the results obtained using the EoED and EoHF principles. The correct entransy dissipation minimization principle is chosen to optimize the parameters in the hot and cold fluids in a two-fluid heat exchanger, under given heat duty and heat transfer area conditions. The results indicate that the proper choice of the two alternative fluids has an important role in the successful application of the entransy dissipation minimization principle. The fluid that could improve the total heat transfer coefficient should be chosen, or the fluid that makes the temperature profiles of the hot and cold fluids parallel and decreases the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids after optimization simultaneously, could be the proper one.     

Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations and dynamic programming for power-optimization of a multistage heat engine system with generalized convective heat transfer law

A multistage endoreversible Carnot heat engine system operating between a finite thermal capacity high-temperature fluid reservoir and an infinite thermal capacity low-temperature environment with generalized convective heat transfer law [q∝(ΔT) m ] is investigated in this paper.Optimal control theory is applied to derive the continuous Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations,which determine the optimal fluid temperature configurations for maximum power output under the conditions of fixed initial time and fixed initial temperature of the driving fluid.Based on the universal optimization results,the analytical solution for the Newtonian heat transfer law (m=1) is also obtained.Since there are no analytical solutions for the other heat transfer laws (m≠1),the continuous HJB equations are discretized and dynamic programming algorithm is performed to obtain the complete numerical solutions of the optimization problem.The relationships among the maximum power output of the system,the process period and the fluid temperature are discussed in detail.The results obtained provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal design and operation of practical energy conversion systems.     

强化能量传输与转换过程-场协同与控制

给出了对流换热中速度场与温度场协同的一般公式并推广到湍流情况，阐明了强化对流热传输的物理机制。将场协同原理扩展到经典物理学与近代物理学中，并以实例说明场协同原理是强化能量传递与转换过程的一般原理。     

一种利用气泡泵效应重力辅助回路热管的实验研究

随着芯片集成度的提高及微型化,为了满足高热流密度电子器件的散热需求,提出了一种利用气泡泵效应重力辅助回路热管,并对其传热性能进行了详细的实验研究.实验中加热功率为21～646W,对应热流密度范围为1.67～51.4W/cm2,采用去离子水为工质.研究结果表明:利用气泡泵效应虽然会增大传输过程的传输热阻,但却能有效增强蒸发腔内扰流,进而增强换热,提高临界换热热流密度;加热功率为646 W时,最小热阻为0.11℃/W;对于本装置,存在一个最佳充液高度,通过观察实验流型图可知,当上升管内为环状流时,充液高度比较合理;蒸发段热阻始终占据总热阻主要部分.研究工作为其在芯片冷却领域的应用打下了良好基础.     

单回路脉动热管传热性能的试验

通过对单回路紫铜-水脉动热管在风冷方式和定热流加热条件下,稳定运行时的传热性能的试验研究,得到管壁温度沿管长的变化规律,冷热段均温和温降(或温升)、传热温差、传热热阻随传热功率的变化特性.分析了充液率和管径对热管传热性能的影响.结果表明:冷热段均温、传热温差随传热功率的增加而增大,传热热阻随传热功率的增加而减小;小传热功率时,传热热阻对传热功率、管内径和充液率的变化较为敏感;减小充液率,增大管内径,增加传热功率可明显降低热管的传热热阻;较高传热功率时,充液率、管内径和传热功率对传热热阻的影响较小,影响传热热阻的主要因素是冷却热阻,可通过增加管外径或改善冷却条件来降低传热热阻,提高传热性能.     

流过管束的流动换热与结构的综合性能评价

对于流过管束的流动换热过程以给定换热结构使换热量最大为条件导出经济结构尺寸与换热参数间的关系式,并借助于换热准则关系得出其与流动参数间的关系式;进而以过程中相对炯损失率最小为条件导出该流动换热过程最佳流动参数的表达式．联立上述两个关系式就可得出使过程的结构尺寸、流动特征与换热性能间综合优化的最佳管排与给定热流和管径间的关系式,以此作为性能分析与评估的判据,这里以流过叉排管束为例进行综合性能的分析与评价,     

Least dissipation principle of heat transport potential capacity and its application in heat conduction optimization

In the viewpoint of heat transfer,heat transport potential capacity and its dissipation are defined based on the essence of heat transport phenomenon,Rspectively,their physical menings are the overall heat transfer capability and the dissipation rate of the heat transfer capacity.Then the least dissipation principle of heat transport potential cpacity is presented to enhance the heat conduction efficiency in the heat conduction optimization .The principle is, for a conduction process with the constant integral of the thermal conductivity over the region ,the optimal distribution of thermal conductivity,which corresponds to the highest heat conduction efficiency ,is characterized by the least dissipation of heat transport potential capacity .Finally the principle is applied to some cases in heat conduction optimization.     

环形流道内对流换热过程的热力学分析及优化

利用热力学第二定律对管壁热流恒定时环形流道内充分发展区层流对流换热过程进行研究,得到了熵产的一般表达式,讨论了流体温升、换热强度及流动压降对熵产的影响;同时,从减小熵产的角度出发,对流道进行了优化计算。     

Least dissipation principle of heat transport potential capacity and its application in heat conduction optimization

The heat conduction following the Fourier law widely exists in nature and engineering. Usually, the thermal resistance is applied to evaluating the perform-ance of the heat conduction, i.e. the less resistance corre-sponds to the better performance. Therefore, the heat conduction is often enhanced by means of using high conductivity materials or reducing the thermal contact resistance. The more general performance criterion is the heat duty for the given temperature difference DT, or the temp…     

重力场中沟槽管和烧结管传热性能的实验研究

为了研究重力场中不同吸液芯微热管的传热性能,选用了沟槽式和烧结式两种吸液芯的热管为研究对象,实验测量了两者在不同重力倾角时的温差、热阻和极限功率。实验结果表明:重力倾角小于15°时,沟槽管和烧结管的传热性能受重力的影响很小,重力倾角大于15°时,沟槽管的温差和热阻上升较大,极限功率下降幅度达78%,而烧结管的温差和热阻上升很小,极限功率下降幅度为31%;重力倾角为-30°时,烧结管温差、热阻和极限功率均略有上升,沟槽管则温差、热阻上升,极限功率下降;在对不同工质的研究中,发现水比乙醇和丙酮在有重力影响下更适合作为热管工质。     

考虑热进口段时管内对流换热的熵产分析

利用热力学原理,在考虑热进口段时,分别就壁面热流恒定和壁面温度恒定两种情况,对管内对流换热进行了熵产分析。引入了熵产强度的概念,给出了对热进口段和充分发展段都适用的熵产强度计算式,讨论了由流阻引起的熵产强度和由温差引起的熵产强度及有关参数对总熵产强度的影响,并为换热器的优化设计提供理论依据。     

Constructal entransy dissipation rate minimization for ＂disc-to-point＂ heat conduction

Based on constructal theory,"disc-to-point" heat conduction is optimized by minimizing the entransy dissipation rate whereby a critical point is determined that distributes the high-conductivity material according to optimized radial or branch patterns.The results show that the critical point is determined by the product of the thermal conductivity ratio of the two materials and the volume fraction of the high-conductivity material allocated to the entire volume.The notion of optimal heat transfer performance can be attributed to the disc based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle.Comparing the results based on EDR minimization (entransy dissipation rate minimization) with those based on MTD minimization (maximum temperature difference minimization),one finds that the performance derived from the two optimization procedures are different.When the product of the thermal conductivity ratio and volume fraction is 30,the critical point of the former procedure is that for which the nondimensional radius of the disc equals 1.75,while that of the latter procedure is that for which this radius of the disc equals 2.18.Comparing heat transfer performances from the two procedures,the mean heat transfer temperature difference is decreased more for the former procedure thereby receiving an improved performance quota.     

火积理论在高炉冷却壁性能评价中的应用

基于火积理论分析得出了高炉冷却壁的火积平衡方程式以及冷却壁中的火积耗散.在此基础上定义了高炉冷却壁的热阻.根据最小热阻原理,提出用高炉冷却壁的热阻来评价其传热性能的优劣的观点,通过实例说明了高炉冷却壁热阻的计算方法,比较了不同冷却水管间距下冷却壁热面最高温度及热阻之间的关系.结果表明,随着冷却水管间距的改变,冷却壁热阻与热面最高温度有相同的变化趋势.在一定的边界条件下,高炉冷却壁的热阻可以评价其传热性能的优劣.     

Progress in entransy theory and its applications

The entransy and entransy dissipation extremum principle proposed have opened up a new direction for the heat transfer optimi-zation. The emergence and development of entransy theory are reviewed. Entransy theory and its applications are summarized from several aspects, such as heat conduction, heat convective, heat radiation, heat exchanger design and mass transfer, etc. The emphases are focused on four aspects, i.e., the comparison between entropy generation rate and entransy dissipation rate, the combination of entransy dissipation extreme principle with finite time thermodynamics, the combination of entransy dissipation extreme principle with the heat conduction constructal theory, and the combination of entransy dissipation extreme principle with the heat convective constructal theory. The scientific features of entransy theory are emphasized.     

A comparison of optimization theories for energy conservation in heat exchanger groups

In general,thermal processes can be classified into two categories: heat-work conversion processes and heat transfer processes. Correspondingly,the optimization of thermal processes has to have two different criteria:the well known entropy generation minimization method and the recently proposed entransy dissipation maximization method. This study analyzes the thermal issues in a heat exchanger group,and optimizes the unit arrangements under different constraints based on a suitable optimization crite-rion. The result indicates that the principle of minimum entropy generation rate is valid for optimizing heat exchangers in a ther-modynamic cycle with given boundary temperatures. In contrast,the entransy dissipation maximization is more suitable in heat exchanger optimizations involving only heat transfer processes. Furthermore,the entropy generation rate induced by dumping used streams into ambient surroundings has to be taken into account,except for that originating from the hot and cold-ends of heat exchangers,when using the entropy generation minimization to optimize heat exchangers undergoing a thermodynamic cycle.