煤油—水二维轴对称湍流射流的实验研究

一、前言煤油-水二维轴对称、定常及非定常湍流射流是本实验的研究对象。在实验中,煤油在压力作用下喷入开始为静止状态的水中,从而形成了定常或非定常的煤油-水二相射流(以下分别简称为定常、非定常射流)。二相射流在工程上有着广泛的应用。如柴油机中燃油喷射所形成的射流就是一个重要的例子。本文介绍的实验,是作者关于可混及不可混流体非定常湍流射流的理论研究和实验研究的整体工作中的一部分,有关本领域研究工作的详细综述,本文所涉及的实验研究与理论研究的互相映证等,有兴趣的读者可查阅参考文献。     

基于滤波器湍流模型的水翼空化数值模拟

采用界面捕获法,在均相流模型假设下,引入滤波函数修正了RNG k-ε湍流模型,基于正压流体假设的状态方程空化模型.采用SMPLEC算法,数值求解雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程,模拟了二维NACA66(Mod)翼型的定常、非定常空化流动.计算得到的翼型表面压力分布与试验结果基本一致,较好地模拟了非定常空化云的初生、发展、断裂和脱落的周期性过程,非定常流动的斯特劳哈数与试验结果相吻合.给出了2个时刻的翼型表面速度矢量场,分析了空泡内部流动结构,结果发现翼型空泡尾部的反向射流是引起翼型表面局部压力升高,进而导致空泡发生断裂及空化云脱落的重要原因.     

离心泵内部流场的三维空化湍流的数值计算

采用Singhal等人发展的一种三维混合流体完整空化湍流模型,基于RNG的k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,对离心泵内部的全流道三维空化流动进行定常和非定常数值模拟.根据空化流动模拟计算的结果,得到定常和非定常情况下空化余量和扬程的曲线,与实验结果进行对比,说明计算结果能够真实反映离心泵内部空化流动的性能.进而有效地预测叶轮内部流道空化发生的部位和空化流动的发展情况,分析空化余量的降低对离心泵空化性能的影响.研究结果表明,所采用的空化模型和数值计算方法能够用于离心泵在设计工况下的空化性能的计算.     

基于RNG k-ε湍流模型钝体绕流的数值模拟

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对钝体绕流流场进行了数值模拟．计算采用非交错网格的有限体积法求解二维不可压N-S方程．计算结果表明，RNG k-ε湍流模型可以成功地模拟绕钝体的不稳定、非定常和剧烈分离流动。     

超音速射流流场中湍流模型

为了确定适用于超音速射流流场数值模拟的湍流模型,首先从理论上分析常用的五种湍流模型之间的差异及其适用范围;其次,采用五种湍流模型,分别对不同马赫数下超音速射流流场进行数值模拟,将数值模拟结果与实测值和理论值进行对比分析.结果表明:剪切压力传输k--ω模型与其他模型相比,通过对输运方程的修正,保证其在计算射流流场时具有较高的准确性;在喷管内部和外部射流流场的模拟中,剪切压力传输k--ω模型的计算结果与理论值和实测值具有较高的吻合度,在五种湍流模型中最适合于超音速射流流场的数值模拟研究.     

基于密度分域的混合湍流模型的应用与评价

结合数值计算和实验结果评价了一种基于密度分域的混合湍流模型.实验采用高速录像和LDV测量技术观察了绕Clark-y型水翼云状空化随时间的流场结构变化和速度分布.数值模拟中,基于非定常空化的流动现象,建立了一种基于密度分域的混合湍流模型,并分别应用不同的湍流模型计算了绕水翼非定常云状空化流动.通过与实验结果的对比表明,分域湍流模型能够更好地调整流场内的湍流黏性,精确捕捉到空穴形态和空泡脱落的非定常细节,时均流场速度分布与实验值基本吻合.     

基于RANS求解的火焰面/反应进度变量湍流燃烧模型研究

通过求解稳态一维拉伸层流扩散火焰面方程,得到混合物分数及反应进度Z-C双标量建表的层流火焰面数据库,并结合混合物分数满足β分布及一阶近似的反应进度变量条件概率密度分布,建立了湍流火焰面平均值数据库.通过将双参数火焰面模型的查表和求解过程与OpenFOAM计算平台相结合,发展了基于RANS方法的双参数湍流燃烧火焰面模型及数值计算求解器ZCFoam.对轴对称湍流射流Sandia D火焰的模拟表明,计算给出的温度分布、主要组分的分布等与实验值吻合较好.     

绕水翼超空化流动数值模拟的湍流模型评价

为深入了解湍流模型对超空化流动计算的影响,分别采用3种不同的湍流模型即标准κ-ε模型、RNGκ-ε模型和SSG雷诺应力模型,对绕水翼的超空化流动进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.结果表明:标准κ-ε模型仅能模拟出定常状态的超空化形态;RNGκ-ε模型和SSG雷诺应力模型能较为准确地模拟出超空化区域内的两相混合非定常特性,并完整再现了空泡内部两相(气相和水气混合相)界面的反向波动过程,而采用RNGκ-ε模型计算得到的最大空泡长度与实验最为接近.     

定容燃烧弹中预混湍流燃烧的数值模拟

发展了一种新型预混湍流燃烧的数值模型．该模型基于准维模型的基本思想,摒弃了湍流燃烧速度模型,以数值生成的湍流场对火焰前锋面的客观影响推动燃烧计算过程,消除了人为经验的作用．利用模拟得到的湍流速度场,实现了对火焰几何形状的二维模拟．利用该模型,计算和讨论了当量燃空比分别为０．９和０．７时,定容燃烧弹中预混湍流燃烧的特点,以及湍流强度和湍流标尺对燃烧的影响．模型的模拟结果和实验结果有很好的吻合性,这说明模型是合理的．     

直喷式柴油机燃烧过程的二维数值模拟与研究

建立了模拟必分析直喷式柴油机缸内主要过程的轴对称二维模型，并编制了计算程序，采用亚网格尺度湍流模型，蒸发性液体射流喷雾模型，着火延迟斯模型，燃烧和排放的计算部分平衡流分法。并针对１２１５０ＬＫ柴油机进行了计算，计算结果与实验结果相吻合，得到了比较重要的结论。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.