基于正交试验大型轴流泵空化特性的数值模拟

针对28CJ-70型立式轴流泵内部空化对机组性能的影响,从泵内空化基本方程出发,确立叶顶尖间隙γ、叶片吸力面流线分布和叶片进口边外缘修圆ψ为影响轴流泵空化特性的主要因素,并建立L9(33)正交实验表,分别对9组试验方案进行数值模拟,计算结果表明:叶顶尖间隙γ对叶轮吸力面外缘泄漏涡变化较为敏感,增大叶顶尖间隙γ能够有效改善吸力面外缘速度分布,但会使泵扬程降低;叶片吸力面流线分布Φ对轴流泵效率和空化持续长度χ具有重要影响,当吸力面流线分布Φ=0.7时,能够明显改善吸力面低压区流体回流范围,使空化持续长度χ迅速降低,并能大幅度减小空化体积分数.通过对立式轴流泵模型进行试验研究发现:数值模拟结果与试验外特性曲线能够较好符合,达到工程应用的要求,进而验证正交计算结果准确性.     

叶顶间隙对轴流泵外特性及空化性能影响研究

为探究叶顶间隙对轴流泵外特性及空化性能的影响,基于修正的SST k-ω湍流模型和Z-G-B空化模型,对350ZQ-70型潜水轴流泵进行数值模拟,对比分析不同叶顶间隙下轴流泵的外特性曲线、叶轮流道内的压力脉动、空泡体积分数分布等.结果表明:随着间隙的增大,泵扬程和效率降低;小流量工况下流动失稳现象明显加强,扬程曲线会出现驼峰现象;进口边近轮毂侧比近轮缘侧更易发生空化;设计流量下,轮缘间隙空化首先出现在叶片中部,而不是叶片进口;叶片背面空化会影响相邻叶片工作面压力分布;存在临界间隙值,未达该值前,间隙增大主要降低叶轮的做功能力,对空化性能影响不大,超过该值后,空化稳定性降低,诱导压力脉动;对于实验泵,临界值在1.5~2 mm;随着间隙的增大,轮缘处空化程度不断增强,进口边空化程度反而有所减轻;根据轴流泵叶轮组装结构,从保护轮毂叶轮体的角度考虑,兼顾做功能力和运行稳定性,实验泵选择间隙为1.5 mm较为合适.     

不同叶顶间隙对轴流泵空化性能及流场的影响

通过对南水北调工程等比例缩放模型泵进行全流道数值分析和试验研究,对模型泵在3个典型流量工况下的空化计算进行适应性研究,探究叶轮区域的空化发展特性,并对不同叶顶间隙δ(0.5,1.5和3.0 mm)下的轴流泵空化特性进行对比分析,比较叶顶间隙大小对轴流泵空化性能和流场的影响.结果表明:随着空化数的降低,空化首先在叶片进口边间隙区附近发生,逐渐往叶片出口边扩大,同时沿径向往叶片背面扩大最终覆盖整个叶片,引起叶片出口靠近叶顶间隙10％区域的轴向速度逐渐降低;随着叶顶间隙的增大,模型泵的临界空化数增大,叶片轮缘处空化逐渐严重且由叶片前端往尾部移动,叶片出口轴向速度低速区主要集中在靠近间隙10％区域处,揭示了这一过程不同叶顶间隙轴流泵内部空化特性.     

轴流泵空化流及其诱导压力脉动的数值模拟

基于改进的空化模型和SSTk-ω湍流模型,对轴流泵的流量-扬程曲线、空化特性及其诱导非定常空化压力脉动进行了数值模拟和分析.数值模拟结果表明:设计工况下的扬程、效率和必需空化余量预测误差分别为3.41%,4.10%和6.32%,获得了较高的预测精度;轴流泵叶轮空泡主要分布在叶片背面进口10%~30%区域,从轮缘到轮毂叶片空化区域逐渐减小;轴流泵叶轮出口在空化条件下的压力脉动的主频仍为叶频,谐频为叶频的倍数.叶轮出口受到叶轮外缘严重空化流的影响,在临界空化余量工况下,靠近轮缘处的空化压力脉动幅值是轮毂侧4倍左右;在导叶出口处两者差异逐渐减小,轮缘处的幅值比轮毂处仅大40%左右.随着空化余量不断降低,叶轮内空化趋于严重时,空泡发生区的压力脉动幅值显著增大;但在叶轮进口处,由于空化流向叶轮下游发展,叶轮上游流场受到空化的影响较小,在不同空化余量下压力脉动幅值变化较小.     

叶顶间隙对喷水推进轴流泵空化性能影响

采用标准k-ε湍流模型和Mixture多相流模型对喷水推进轴流泵五种不同叶顶间隙下的流场进行数值模拟;并对其不同叶顶间隙下的空化性能进行分析。结果表明,随着装置空化余量的降低,空化最先在叶轮进口轮缘附近发生;然后逐渐向叶轮出口边、轮毂及压力面方向扩展开去。随叶顶间隙的增大,临界空化余量逐渐增大;且叶片吸力面空化面积增大,抗空化性能下降;叶顶间隙的存在导致叶轮出口轴向速度在靠近间隙的20%叶高区域降低;在相同装置空化余量下,叶轮出口轴向速度下降的速度随叶顶间隙值的增大而加快。     

叶片进口几何形状对核主泵空化流动特性的影响

为研究叶片进口几何形状对核主泵水力性能以及空化性能的影响,基于连续性方程、雷诺时均N-S方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,对4种不同叶片进口几何形状的核主泵模型泵进行全流场空化模拟,得出不同叶片进口几何形状对核主泵外特性以及空化性能的影响规律.结果表明:叶片进口边减薄,使叶片进口对流体的排挤作用减弱,改善了叶片对进口流动条件改变的适应性,减小了叶片进口处的流动损失,提高了效率.另外,增大叶片进口边圆角,进口减薄程度加剧,使进口处过流断面面积增大,流速降低,进而导致压力增大,且低压区逐渐向叶片出口移动,在发生空化时,气泡对叶片进口相对流动角影响逐渐变小.同时,随着叶片进口减薄程度的加剧,叶片进口更加接近流线型,液体绕流叶片头部时产生冲击减小,使叶片吸力面前盖板处最低压力有所增大.     

叶片开槽对轴流泵空化性能的影响

为探究开槽叶片对轴流泵空化性能的影响,以350ZQ-70-H型潜水轴流泵为研究对象,对其不同空化余量下的流场进行定常和非定常数值模拟,对比分析原模型与改进后模型的速度矢量分布、压力分布、内部空泡体积分数及空泡体积变化等.结果表明:开槽叶片可以改善轴流泵的效率和扬程,提升轴流泵性能;开槽叶片增大了叶片进口处流动面积,降低了叶片进口处流速,使得轴流泵叶轮内压力的分布得到改善,从而对空化产生抑制作用;在空化的各个阶段里,开槽模型的空泡体积分数分布均有所降低,其中空化初始阶段最为明显,相比原模型下降了30.4%,有效抑制了空化的发展,空化性能明显提升.     

对旋式轴流泵全流道三维定常紊流场的数值模拟

为研究对旋式轴流泵的内部流场特性及前后叶轮之间的流场干涉情况,应用标准k-ε紊流模型和SIMPLEC算法进行了定常三维紊流流场的数值模拟,得到了叶片吸力面与压力面、过渡干涉面、全流道下4个轴向位置的径向剖分面和3个径向位置轴向剖分的周向截面的压力分布及等值线图。应用数值模拟的结果能够获得前置叶轮、后置叶轮及整个泵各自的外特性,还可以帮助直观地认识对旋式轴流泵内部流动的耦合与干涉机理,指导水力模型设计。     

立式多级筒袋泵诱导轮及首级叶轮内的空化流动模拟

为了改善立式多级筒袋泵的空化性能,研究其内部的空化流动规律,采用基于质量输运方程的混合流空化模型和标准k-ε模型,运用大型通用计算程序ANSYS CFX,计算了立式多级筒袋泵内的三维湍流空化流动的临界空化数,并与实验进行对比。基于数值计算的结果,分析了较小流量及较大流量运行工况下该泵的空化流场。研究表明:采用诱导轮改善了泵的空化性能;从小流量至大流量,泵内的严重空化区域由诱导轮转移至首级叶轮。本文采用的空化流动模拟方法可较好地预测立式多级筒袋泵在设计流量附近的平均空化性能。     

进水均匀性对大型轴流泵装置空化特性的影响

针对肘形进水流道对大型轴流泵装置空化特性的影响,从进口速度三角形理论出发,推导泵汽蚀余量与进口速度均匀性之间的关系.采用CFD技术对大型轴流泵外特性曲线进行模拟,与试验结果进行比较,结果表明:在设计工况下,扬程误差为3.58%,效率误差为3.31%.并对泵装置性能和空化特性进行预测,受肘形进水流态的影响泵装置进口速度均匀度变差,致使其扬程下降了7.83%,汽蚀余量增大了12.04%;通过比较进口速度均匀性,发现在叶轮进口截面处进口来流并没有垂直均匀地进入叶轮内部,而是与轴向流线成一定角度,且泵装置空化时来流速度加权平均角θ最大;将θ带入推导公式,发现泵装置的汽蚀余量误差能得到减小,且小于5%,达到工程应用要求.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.