A low power quadrature up-conversion mixer for WSN application

This paper presents an up-conversion mixer for 2.4GHz wireless sensor networks in 0. 181xm RF complementary metal-oxide semiconductor （CMOS） technology. It is based on a double-balanced Gilbert cell type. With two Gilbert cells it was applied quadrature modulation. Operational ampli- tiers are used in this design to improve the conversion gain under low power consumption. The mixer design is based on 0.18txm RF CMOS process. And the mixer test results indicate that under 1.8V power supply, with input frequency 2.4 - 2.4835GHz, the conversion voltage gain is 1.2 - 2dB. When the output frequency is 2.4GHz, its power gain is -4.46dB, and its input referred 1 dB com- pression point is -11.5dBm and it consumes 1.77mA current.     

A novel portable transmitter with 8dBm output power for wireless communication equipments

In this paper,a portable 2.42 GHz transmitter for wireless communication systems,with 8dBm output power and small size is proposed.Several novel features exist in this transmitter.First,power consumption and output are balanced by introducing a differential oscillator with input signal controlled biasing,which acts as both a carrier generator and an OOK modulator.Then,power consumption of the transmitter is reduced by the OOK modulated signal via switching the oscillator and the power amplifier at the same time.Furthermore,the area size is also reduced by a class-AB power amplifier,which uses the PCB antenna as the resonance inductance.With these features,the total chip area is reduced to 670μm×740μm(In a 0.18μm CMOS process).     

75 mW robust single frequency Yb-doped DFB fiber Bragg grating laser

Incorporating the shielded method and post-processing method, a 75 mW single frequency Yb-doped DFB fiber laser was obtained with a 250 mW laser diode pump source at 978 nm. The threshold of the laser is 2 mW. The laser is single-polarization operation and the output power fluctuation is less than 0.2 mW in one hour when the pump power is 250 mW.     

Fabrication and performance evaluation of the thermoelectric generation and performance measuring system

A novel thennoelectric generating and performance measuring system （TGPMS） was designed and fabricated. TGPMS can not only achieve the function of thennoelectric generation, but also measure the thennoelectric performance parameters of the bismuth-telluride-based thennoelectric device accurately. These thennoelectric performance parameters mainly include the dependence of the Seebeck coefficient of the thennoelectric device on the device＇s temperature in the low temperature range （about 40 ~ 190~C ）, and the dependence of the power output and thermoelectric conversion efficiency on the temperature dif- ference or output load. With the optimum load, the optimal value of the power output is 3.39W when the temperature difference reaches 231.2~C, and the optimal value of the conversion efficiency is 3.22% when the temperature difference reaches 208.9~C. TGPMS provides an experimental foundation for the application of the thennoelectric generators in the space field.     

Design of 5GHz low noise amplifier with HBM SiGe 0. 13μm BiCMOS process

A fully integrated low noise amplifier( LNA) for WLAN 802. 11 ac is presented in this article.A cascode topology combining BJT and MOS transistor is used for better performance. An inductive source degeneration is chosen to get 50 Ohm impedance matching at the input. The noise contribution of common gate transistor is analyzed for the first time. The designed LNA is verified with IBM silicon-germanium(SiGe ) 0. 13μm BiCMOS process. The measured results show that the designed LNA has the gain of 13 dB and NF of 2. 8 dB at the center frequency of 5. 5 GHz. The input reflection S11 and output reflection S22 are equal to-19 dB and-11 dB respectively. The P-1 dB and IIP3 are-8. 9 dBm and 6. 6 dBm for the linearity performance respectively. The power consumption is only 1. 3 mW under the 1. 2 V supply. LNA achieves high gain,low noise,and high linearity performance,allowing it to be used for the WLAN 802. 11 ac applications.     

Design of 15 Gb/s inductorless limiting amplifier with RSSI and LOS indication in 65nm CMOS

A limiting amplifier IC implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology and intended for high-speed optical fiber communications is described in this paper.The inductorless limiting amplifier incorporates5-stage 8 dB gain limiting cells with active feedback and negative Miller capacitance,a high speed output buffer with novel third order active feedback,and a high speed full-wave rectifier.The receiver signal strength indictor(RSSI) can detect input signal power with 33 dB dynamic range,and the limiting amplifier features a programmable loss of signal(LOS) indication with external resistor.The sensitivity of the limiting amplifier is 5.5mV at BER = 10 ~(-12) and the layout area is only 0.53 ×0.72 mm because of no passive inductor.The total gain is over 41 dB,and bandwidth exceeds12 GHz with 56 mW power dissipation.     

High pulse energy femtosecond large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber laser

A high pulse energy femtosecond fiber laser based on a large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber is demonstrated. A segment of Yb-doped single-polarization large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber with extremely low nonlinearity is explored as gain media of this fiber laser, resulting in intrinsically envi- ronmentally stability. The fiber laser is based on a linear cavity with dispersion compensation free con- figuration, and the stable mode-locking is obtained by a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror （SESAM）. The fiber laser directly generates 2.5 W of average power at a repetition rate of 51.4 MHz, corresponding to a single pulse energy of 50 nJ. The output pulse duration is 4.2 ps, which is dechirped to 410 fs after extracavity dispersion compensation. The nonlinear absorption of SESAM determines the pulse shaping at low output power, while the mode-locking mechanism is under the balance between spectrum broadening from self-phase-modulation and gain filtering at the high output power.     

All-optical 2R regeneration based on self-induced polarization rotation in a single semiconductor optical amplifier

An all-optical 2R regeneration based on self-induced polarization rotation in a single semiconductor optical amplifier is presented. A theoretical model is built up to simulate the system performance. Experiment evidence is also provided. An extinction ratio improvement of 8.3 dB is obtained at a bit-rate of 10 Gbit/s. In the BER measurements, 6 dB improvement of the power penalty is achieved, clearly demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Our approach has a simple structure, and allows photonic integration.     

A comparative study on thermo-economic performance between subcritical and transcritical Organic Rankine Cycles under different heat source temperatures

In this paper, the net power output, exergy efficiency and levelized energy cost of system were selected as performance indicators for assessing Organic Rankine Cycle （ORC）. Firstly, the turbine inlet temperature and pressure meeting the requirement of pinch point temperature difference of evaporator in transcritical ORC （trans-ORC） were determined based on performance opti- mization. Subsequently, the thermo-economic performance of a subcritical ORC （sub-ORC） using R601 as working fluid and a trans-ORC using R134a as working fluid were compared under different heat source temperatures and a fixed outlet temperature of flue gas. Results show that for trans-ORC, when the pinch point temperature difference of evaporator lies between the inlet and outlet of evaporator, a lower inlet pressure of turbine is favorable; when the pinch point temperature difference of evaporator is located at the outlet of evaporator, there exists an optimal inlet pressure of turbine. Either for sub-ORC or trans-ORC, the net power output increases and levelized energy cost decreases with the increase in heat source temperature. For sub-ORC, exergy efficiency of system increases monotonously with heat source temperature, while for trans-ORC, exergy efficiency of system grows up firstly and then reduces （or keeps constant） with the increasing of heat source tem- perature. Moreover, for net power output and exergy efficiency of system, there exist a range of heat source temperatures making trans-ORC better than sub-ORC, and the heat source temperature region extends with the increase in pinch point temperature difference of evapo- rator. For levelized energy cost of system, the sub-ORC is always superior to trans-ORC.     

Investigations of high-frequency induction hardening process for piston rod of shock absorber

The microhardness of piston rods treated with different induction hardening processes was tested. The experimental results reveal that the depth of the hardened zone is proportional to the ratio of the moving speed of the piston rod to the output power of the induction generator. This result is proved correct through the Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of the thermal field of induction heating. From tensile and impact tests, an optimized high frequency induction hardening process for piston rods has been obtained, where the output power was 82%×80 kW and the moving speed of workpiece was 5364 mm/min. The piston rods, treated by the optimized high frequency induction hardening process, show the best comprehensive mechanical performance.     

Dual-Mode Low Power Pipelined ADC with Pre-charged Switched Operational Amplifier

This paper describes a 12-bit 40-MS/s and 8-bit 80-MS/s dual-mode low power pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC). An improved multiplying digital-to-analog converter is used to provide the dual-mode operation. A pre-charged fast power-on switched operational amplifier is used to reduce the power consumption of the pipelined ADC to 28.98 mW/32.74 mW at 40 MHz/80 MHz sampling rates. The ADC was designed in a 1.8-V 1P6M 0.18-μm CMOS process. Simulations indicate that the ADC exhibits a spurious free dynamic range of 90.24 dB/58.33 dB and signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of 73.81 dB/47.85 dB at 40 MHz/80 MHz sampling frequencies for a 19-MHz input sinusoidal signal.     

The investigation on computational grids in wind turbine positioning optimization using greedy algorithm

In this paper, the effect of the computational grids on the wind turbine positioning optimization is studied. The linear wake flow model is used to calculate the turbine wake flow. The power law is used to model the power curve of wind turbine. Greedy algorithm with repeated adjustments is introduced to solve the wind turbine positioning problem, with the target of maximizing the total power output of wind farm. Square grid and triangle grid with various orientations are used to discretize the area of wind farm. Three numerical cases are introduced to study the effect of the computational grids on the optimized results. The results show that the optimized power output can be improved through choosing appro- priate grid orientation. The suggested grid orientations for single direction wind case and multi-direction wind case are given.     

24-bit Low-Power Low-Cost Digital Audio Sigma-Delta DAC

This paper describes a low-power low-cost 24-bit Σ-digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for portable digital-audio applications.The interpolation filter uses a no-multiplier scheme to implement the arithmetic units and reading-writing common storage scheme for the delay-line to significantly reduce the die area.A 15-level quantizer,third-order,single-stage Σ-modulator is employed to reduce the passband quantization noise,relax the out-of-band filtering requirements,and enhance immunity to clock jitter.A data weighted averaging algorithm is used to mitigate the nonlinearity caused by capacitor mismatch.A direct charge transfer switched-capacitor low-pass filter (DCT-SC LPF) is used to reconstruct the analog signal to reduce the kT/C noise and capacitor mismatch effect with a small increase of the power dissipation.The chip was fabricated in the SMIC 0.13 μm 1P5M CMOS process.The cell area of the digital part is 0.056 mm 2 and the total area of the analog part is 0.34 mm 2.The supply voltage is 1.2 V for the digital circuit and 3.3 V for the analog circuit.The power consumption of the analog part is 3.5 mW.The audio DAC achieves a 100 dB dynamic range and an 84 dB peak signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio over a 20 kHz passband.The results show that these performances are good enough for high quality portable audio applications.     

Development of cryogenically-cooled low noise amplifier for mobile base station receivers

A new circuit model for designing and manufacturing an S-band low noise amplifier(LNA) with the software,Advanced Design System(ADS),is introduced in this paper.The proposed model involves shunted impedance at the grid to achieve a stable LNA without measuring the S-parameters of transistors at low temperatures.The LNA was measured over the operation band of 2.2-2.3 GHz,which has input and output standing wave ratios below 1.2.The noise figure of the manufactured LNA was about 0.2 dB and the gain was above 22 dB,which indicated that our LNA worked well at 77 K.     

Performance of a 60 F carbon nanotubes-based supercapacitor for hybrid power sources

A supercapacitor based on charge storage at the interface between a high surface area carbon nanotube electrode and a LiClO₄/PC electrolyte was assembled. The performance of the capacitor depends on not only the material used in the cell but also the construction of the cell. From a constant charge-discharge test, the capacitance of 60 F was obtained. The performance of the power capacitor for pulse power sources was described. The specific energy (0.8 W·h·kg-1) and the specific power (0.75 kW·kg-1) of the power supercapacitor were demonstrated with a cell of the maximum operating voltage of 2.5 V. A hybrid power source consisting of a lithium ionic battery and the 60 F supercapacitor was demonstrated to power successfully a simulated power load encountered in GSM portable communication equipment. The addition of the supercapacitor to the power train of a cellular phone results in significantly more energy from the battery being used by the load. The experiments indicate that more than 33.8% energy is utilized by load and less stored energy is dissipated within the battery for each charge-discharge cycle.     

Diode pumped Nd: YVO_4 laser at 671 nm with a type-Ⅱ noncritical phase-matched LBO

A diode pumped intracavity frequency-doubled Nd: YVO4 laser emitting at 671 nm with a type- n noncritical phase-matched LBO crystal is reported. A maximum output power at 671 nm of 404 mW was obtained under an incident pump power of 5.16 W, with an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency up to 7.8%. The output power fluctuates less than 5% while the temperature change of the LBO crystal is maintained at ±0.5℃ at the phase-matched temperature.     

Input Split Hydraulic Hybrid Bus and Control Strategy

Simple and efficient energy management strategy is the key to ensure hybrid vehicle performance. Based on hybrid dynamical system theory and the concept of finite state mechanism,power split hybrid connected structure hydraulic hybrid system was proposed and described. In order to meet the demand for driving,the layered advanced control strategy was proposed in this paper,which referred to vehicle driving experience. Using Matlab /Simulink /Stateflow hybrid modeling method, the economy performance and the acceleration performance of the vehicle under the typical city driving cycles were carried on the simulation analysis. The results show that the proposed topology and control strategy can obviously improve engine output characteristic,effectively enhance the vehicle＇s instantaneous power performance and economy,and also has a better adaptability in different traffic environments.     

A facile and green preparation of durian shell-derived carbon electrodes for electrochemical double-layer capacitors

A facile and green preparation of high surface area activated carbons with mixed microporosity and mesoporosity from durian shell waste is reported in this work. The pore structure and surface chemistry of the parent carbon were modified by the combination of ultrasonication and microwave irradiation techniques. The effects of temperature and time in the ultrasonication treatment and power output and time in the microwave irradiation were studied. The electrochemical performance of carbon electrodes for supercapacitors was tested by cyclic voltammeter (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge. The results show that the capacitive energy storage of electrodes is critically dependent on the microporosity and surface chemistry of activated carbons. The highest electrode capacitance in this work was 103.6 F/g that prepared from activated carbon modified at an ultrasonication temperature of 323.15 K for 10 min and microwave power output of 900 W for 10 min.     

Study and innovation of a flexible blade turbine, a new type of tidal current generating device

Utilization of tidal current is becoming a focus of marine energy research and development field. In this paper, a new type of tidal current power generating device which called flexible blade turbine was put forward. A scale model testing was carried out, and results show that the models performed as expected with good hydrodynamic characteristics. Based on analysis of the results, a scale model turbine with a rated power of 5kW was constructed, which was an optimal scheme of the flexible blade turbine having higher coefficient of power and power generation capacity. Sea trials were carried out in the Zhaitang Island channel to evaluate the performance of the turbine. Results show that the turbine performed well, generating the power predicted. Key words: tidal current; flexible blade turbine; coefficient of power; sea trials     

Economics and Performance Forecast of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle

Forecasts of the various types of gas turbines economics and performance of gas turbine combined cycle （GTCC） with will help power plant designers to select the best type of gas turbine for future Chinese powerplants. The cost and performance of various designs were estimated using the commercial software GT PRO. Improved GTCC output will increase the system efficiency which may induce total investment and will certainly increase the cumulative cash which then will induce the cost and the payback period. The relative annual fuel output increases almost in proportion to the relative GTCC output. China should select the gas turbine that provides the most economical output according to its specific conditions. The analysis shows that a GTCC power plant with a medium-sized 100 to 200 MW output gas turbine is the most suitable for Chinese investors.