组蛋白修饰组合模式研究进展

核小体是染色质的基本结构单位,核小体组蛋白N末端尾部可以发生甲基化、乙酰化等多种共价修饰.组蛋白密码假设多种组蛋白修饰以组合方式发挥作用.自组蛋白密码假设被提出后,组蛋白修饰组合模式成为表观遗传学领域的重要研究内容.在染色质免疫沉淀基因芯片和免疫沉淀高通量测序等相关实验数据的基础上,多种算法被用于研究组蛋白修饰的组合.文章介绍了组蛋白修饰的发生、位点、相关修饰酶以及生物学功能,对组蛋白修饰组合以及与基因表达关系的研究进行了总结,同时对组蛋白修饰组合模式一些适用的研究方法做了概述和分析.     

Chromosomal landscape of nucleosome-dependent gene expression and silencing in yeast

Eukaryotic genomes are packaged into nucleosomes, which are thought to repress gene expression generally. Repression is particularly evident at yeast telomeres, where genes within the telomeric heterochromatin appear to be silenced by the histone-binding silent information regulator (SIR) complex (Sir2, Sir3, Sir4) and Rap1 (refs 4-10). Here, to investigate how nucleosomes and silencing factors influence global gene expression, we use high-density arrays to study the effects of depleting nucleosomal histones and silencing factors in yeast. Reducing nucleosome content by depleting histone H4 caused increased expression of 15% of genes and reduced expression of 10% of genes, but it had little effect on expression of the majority (75%) of yeast genes. Telomere-proximal genes were found to be de-repressed over regions extending 20 kilobases from the telomeres, well beyond the extent of Sir protein binding and the effects of loss of Sir function. These results indicate that histones make Sir-independent contributions to telomeric silencing, and that the role of histones located elsewhere in chromosomes is gene specific rather than generally repressive.     

In vitro replication through nucleosomes without histone displacement

A well-characterized set of proteins encoded by bacteriophage T4 replicates DNA in vitro and generates replication forks that can pass nucleosomes. The histone octamers remain associated with newly replicated DNA even in the presence of excess DNA competitor, and intact nucleosomes re-form on the two daughter DNA helices. It is concluded that nucleosomes are designed to open up transiently to allow the passage of a replication fork without histone displacement.     

MEN1基因生物学功能研究进展

MEN1基因是多发性内分泌肿瘤1型综合征(MEN1)的关键致病基因之一.其编码蛋白menin在细胞核中与混合谱系淋巴瘤基因(MLL)等大量关键转录因子相互作用,直接参与组蛋白甲基化修饰等表观遗传调控过程,对靶基因转录和细胞表型的维持起关键的调控作用.MEN1基因突变导致的menin表达或核转位异常将引起一系列信号通路紊乱,进而引起内分泌系统疾病如MEN1.近年来,随着研究的深入,发现menin参与调控的组蛋白3的赖氨酸4残基(H3K4)甲基化修饰与内分泌系统肿瘤以及非内分泌系统如血液系统肿瘤的发生密切相关;我们最近的研究结果显示,menin通过赖氨酸27残基(H3K27)组蛋白甲基化修饰调控的多效生长因子等关键信号通路是调节肺癌表型的重要机制之一,提示menin在内分泌系统之外的广泛的生物学作用.综述了本实验室及国际上关于menin生物学功能的经典及最近的研究,重点介绍menin在非内分泌系统肿瘤发生发展中的关键作用及其调控的组蛋白修饰特点、规律.同时根据我们新近的研究,提出menin在其他系统疾病发生中的可能作用.这些新发现将有助于进一步深入揭示menin介导的表观遗传学调控在疾病发生中的关键作用,为以menin为靶点的疾病治疗提供崭新思路.     

Chemically ubiquitylated histone H2B stimulates hDot1L-mediated intranucleosomal methylation

Numerous post-translational modifications of histones have been described in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. Growing evidence for dynamic regulation of these modifications, position- and modification-specific protein interactions, and biochemical crosstalk between modifications has strengthened the 'histone code' hypothesis, in which histone modifications are integral to choreographing the expression of the genome. One such modification, ubiquitylation of histone H2B (uH2B) on lysine 120 (K120) in humans, and lysine 123 in yeast, has been correlated with enhanced methylation of lysine 79 (K79) of histone H3 (refs 5-8), by K79-specific methyltransferase Dot1 (KMT4). However, the specific function of uH2B in this crosstalk pathway is not understood. Here we demonstrate, using chemically ubiquitylated H2B, a direct stimulation of hDot1L-mediated intranucleosomal methylation of H3 K79. Two traceless orthogonal expressed protein ligation (EPL) reactions were used to ubiquitylate H2B site-specifically. This strategy, using a photolytic ligation auxiliary and a desulphurization reaction, should be generally applicable to the chemical ubiquitylation of other proteins. Reconstitution of our uH2B into chemically defined nucleosomes, followed by biochemical analysis, revealed that uH2B directly activates methylation of H3 K79 by hDot1L. This effect is mediated through the catalytic domain of hDot1L, most likely through allosteric mechanisms. Furthermore, asymmetric incorporation of uH2B into dinucleosomes showed that the enhancement of methylation was limited to nucleosomes bearing uH2B. This work demonstrates a direct biochemical crosstalk between two modifications on separate histone proteins within a nucleosome.