Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form mutualistic, symbiotic associations with the roots of more than 80% of land plants. The fungi are incapable of completing their life cycle in the absence of a host root. Their spores can germinate and grow in the absence of a host, but their hyphal growth is very limited. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern signalling and recognition between AM fungi and their host plants. In one of the first stages of host recognition, the hyphae of AM fungi show extensive branching in the vicinity of host roots before formation of the appressorium, the structure used to penetrate the plant root. Host roots are known to release signalling molecules that trigger hyphal branching, but these branching factors have not been isolated. Here we have isolated a branching factor from the root exudates of Lotus japonicus and used spectroscopic analysis and chemical synthesis to identify it as a strigolactone, 5-deoxy-strigol. Strigolactones are a group of sesquiterpene lactones, previously isolated as seed-germination stimulants for the parasitic weeds Striga and Orobanche. The natural strigolactones 5-deoxy-strigol, sorgolactone and strigol, and a synthetic analogue, GR24, induced extensive hyphal branching in germinating spores of the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita at very low concentrations.     

不同接种物对分离丛枝菌根真菌的影响

在实验室条件下,用野外采集的植物根际土壤和野生葱属植物根段作为接种体接种三叶草(TrifoliumrepensL.).观察三叶草菌根侵染率,统计其根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度和种类、并与原始接种土壤比较.结果表明:用不同植物群落的土样作为接种物,三叶草菌根侵染率和根际AMF种类和密度有很大差异,但菌根真菌种类数目较多;用不同种葱属植物根段接种,三叶草菌根的侵染率差别明显,根际土壤孢子的种类数目较少但菌根真菌有很高的相似性.     

丛枝菌根对神东煤矿区塌陷地的修复作用与生态效应

 利用丛枝菌根真菌进行土地复垦是目前研究的热点技术之一。在神东煤矿区塌陷地上接种丛枝菌根真菌5个月后,系统地研究菌根对向日葵植株的生长发育、对土壤性状的改良以及根际微生物种群数量的影响。结果表明,接种菌根3个月后,向日葵的开花期较对照可提早2周。接种菌根5个月后其侵染率提高,菌丝密度明显增加。接种区植物生长较对照区明显提高,地上部叶片数和干重较对照明显增加。菌根植物的根系发育状况良好,植株干重提高,籽粒产量增加。菌根植物根际土壤磷和钾含量的有效性增加,微生物数量明显提高,取得较好的菌根生态效应。在采煤塌陷地上接种丛枝菌根真菌,可改善复垦土壤的性状,有利于生态的恢复与稳定,为微生物复垦技术的推广应用奠定了较好的理论基础,具有重要的现实指导意义。     

几种野生花卉丛枝菌根发育状况的研究

丛枝菌根是自然界中,植物与真菌形成的分布最广泛的一类互惠共生体。作者对山东省的6种重要野生花卉小黄花菜(Hemerocallis minorMill.)、萱草(Hemerocallis fulvaL.)、琥珀千里光(Senecio ambraceusTurcz.)、矮鸢尾(Iris chamaeiris)、甘野菊(Dendranthema lavandulaefolium)、锦鸡儿(Catagana sinicaRehd.)的AM真菌的侵染状况、典型结构的发育状况以及其根际土壤中AM真菌的孢子密度和根际AM真菌的相对多度和频度进行了研究。结果表明,所调查的6种野生花卉都被AM真菌侵染,且可观察到典型结构泡囊,其根际土壤中AM真菌孢子密度也相当丰富。在本次调查中共分离到了5个属的AM真菌,其中无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌是野生花卉根际AM真菌的优势类群。     

东寨港红树林丛枝菌根真菌侵染和孢子密度及其影响因子研究

丛枝菌根(AM)结构存在于多种红树植物根内,但目前对于红树林中AM真菌的研究还未能完全揭示其存在的原因和状况。研究通过对海南东寨港红树林中不同潮位16种红树植物根内AM侵染情况、AM真菌孢子密度以及土壤理化因子开展调查,以了解东寨港红树林中AM真菌的存在状况及其影响因素。结果表明12种红树植物与AM真菌存在共生关系,其中海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)、许树(Clerodendrum inerme)、水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)侵染率较高,均高于55%;16种植物根际土壤中均检测到AM真菌孢子,每25 g土壤的平均孢子密度为(25.7±2.7)个。方差分析表明,不同宿主植物根内AM侵染情况差异显著;潮位对AM侵染率和孢子密度均具有显著影响,表现为高潮位显著高于中、低潮位,而中低潮位间无显著差异。线性回归分析表明土壤含水率、电导率和有效磷含量可能是影响东寨港红树林生境中AM侵染率和孢子密度的主要土壤因子。     

The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis

Mycorrhizal symbioses--the union of roots and soil fungi--are universal in terrestrial ecosystems and may have been fundamental to land colonization by plants. Boreal, temperate and montane forests all depend on ectomycorrhizae. Identification of the primary factors that regulate symbiotic development and metabolic activity will therefore open the door to understanding the role of ectomycorrhizae in plant development and physiology, allowing the full ecological significance of this symbiosis to be explored. Here we report the genome sequence of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor (Fig. 1) and highlight gene sets involved in rhizosphere colonization and symbiosis. This 65-megabase genome assembly contains approximately 20,000 predicted protein-encoding genes and a very large number of transposons and repeated sequences. We detected unexpected genomic features, most notably a battery of effector-type small secreted proteins (SSPs) with unknown function, several of which are only expressed in symbiotic tissues. The most highly expressed SSP accumulates in the proliferating hyphae colonizing the host root. The ectomycorrhizae-specific SSPs probably have a decisive role in the establishment of the symbiosis. The unexpected observation that the genome of L. bicolor lacks carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell walls, but maintains the ability to degrade non-plant cell wall polysaccharides, reveals the dual saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyle of the mycorrhizal fungus that enables it to grow within both soil and living plant roots. The predicted gene inventory of the L. bicolor genome, therefore, points to previously unknown mechanisms of symbiosis operating in biotrophic mycorrhizal fungi. The availability of this genome provides an unparalleled opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of the processes by which symbionts interact with plants within their ecosystem to perform vital functions in the carbon and nitrogen cycles that are fundamental to sustainable plant productivity.     

Pb胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌对茶树解毒能力的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对铅(Pb)胁迫下茶树解除Pb毒性能力的影响,分别用醋酸墨水染色法、考马斯亮蓝法、电感耦合等离子体(ICP-MS)、紫外分光光度法等方法研究了接种AMF后茶树根系菌丝的侵染率,土壤中球囊霉素(Glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)含量,茶树根系、叶片、土壤中及GRSP中Pb含量及叶片的抗氧化酶活性.结果表明,接种AMF后,茶树根系菌丝侵染率为60.13%,茶树的生物量、百芽重和显著增加,并极显著地提高土壤中总GRSP含量,由于GRSP对Pb的大量螯合作用,使得土壤中Pb的生物有效性大大降低,加之茶树根系、叶片中对Pb的总吸收量减少,且根系Pb含量增加,因此,叶片中Pb含量显著下降,抗氧化酶活性也相应地下降.     

丛枝菌根真菌和腐殖酸联合作用对矿区沙土改良效应

 针对神东矿区采煤塌陷地土壤不断沙化、植物难以定植的特点,通过室内盆栽模拟试验,研究丛枝菌根真菌和腐殖酸联合作用对矿区沙土改良效应。结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌和腐殖酸联合作用提高了玉米生物量和根系活力。当施加腐殖酸质量分数为0.05%时,菌根与其联合作用对玉米生长和沙土的改良效果最优,玉米干质量比空白对照组高出73%,根际土壤中的有效磷含量和酸性磷酸酶活性分别提高了30%和49%,玉米根际土壤菌丝密度比空白对照提高了0.8 m/g,且根际土壤中微生物数量增加显著。丛枝菌根真菌和腐殖酸联合作用有利于玉米生长,对退化沙土具有改良效应。     

植物残体输入改变对樟子松人工林土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响

对河北塞罕坝机械林场樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林采取不同的处理方式(对照(CK)、凋落物移除(-L)、凋落物添加(+L)、根系去除(-R)、凋落物和根系同时去除(-R-L)、凋落物添加和根系去除(-R+L)),基于处理后第一个生长季(2019年5—9月)的测定结果,研究不...     

Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Most land plants are symbiotic with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which take up mineral nutrients from the soil and exchange them with plants for photosynthetically fixed carbon. This exchange is a significant factor in global nutrient cycles as well as in the ecology, evolution and physiology of plants. Despite its importance as a nutrient, very little is known about how AMF take up nitrogen and transfer it to their host plants. Here we report the results of stable isotope labelling experiments showing that inorganic nitrogen taken up by the fungus outside the roots is incorporated into amino acids, translocated from the extraradical to the intraradical mycelium as arginine, but transferred to the plant without carbon. Consistent with this mechanism, the genes of primary nitrogen assimilation are preferentially expressed in the extraradical tissues, whereas genes associated with arginine breakdown are more highly expressed in the intraradical mycelium. Strong changes in the expression of these genes in response to nitrogen availability and form also support the operation of this novel metabolic pathway in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.     

健康与患黑胫病烟株根内AMF多样性和群落结构差异分析

丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）在烟草生长生理、抗病抗逆等方面具有积极作用.为探明烟株患黑胫病后对根内AMF多样性和群落结构的影响,分别以烟草K326和云烟87健康、感染黑胫病烟株的根部及根际土壤作为研究对象,应用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术探明烟草根部AMF多样性,采用显微形态观察烟草根内AMF侵染水平和根际土壤孢子密度,并分析土壤理化性质和AMF侵染特征的相关性.高通量测序结果表明在烟草根部共检测出1 655个AMF-OTUs,隶属于1纲4目5科6属,其中,Glomus为云烟87健康烟株根内AMF的优势属,其余样品优势属均为Paraglomus.聚类分析表明两个品种健康烟株根内AMF群落相似性较高,患病植株间根内AMF群落比较类似.侵染结果显示,患病烟株AMF侵染状况与土壤孢子密度均低于健康烟株根际土壤. RDA分析结果表明,全钾是影响AMF孢子密度和侵染状况的主要驱动因子,其次为速效磷和全磷;土壤p H值为烟株根内AMF多样性的主要影响因素,且两者呈负相关;此外,土壤中钾含量对烟草根内AMF群落组成的影响最为明显.研究...     

摩西球囊霉和施P量对丹参生长和养分含量的影响

为探明AM真菌促进丹参生长效应及其作用机理,以非灭菌土为生长基质,采用盆栽实验,研究了不同施P量与摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）对丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.）生长和养分含量的影响.结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉对不同施P水平下丹参生长有显著影响,能够提高丹参根系菌根侵染率,但高施P量...     

亚热带常绿阔叶林根系呼吸及其与环境影响因子的关系

采用切断根系法,运用Li-6400光合呼吸测定仪对肖坑亚热带常绿阔叶林根系呼吸特性及其对土壤呼吸的贡献和季节动态变化进行了研究,并探讨了根系呼吸对土壤温度和含水量的响应。结果表明,中龄林根系呼吸速率年变化范围为0．412～1．970μmol／（M^2·s）,幼龄林为0．259—1．414μmol／（m^2·s）;幼龄林年平均根系呼吸速率（1．198μmolf（M^2·s））是中龄林的（0．937μmol／（m^2·s））1．13倍。中龄林和幼龄林根系呼吸速率及根系呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例季节变化规律基本一致,1年中基本呈单峰曲线模式,高峰值出现在6月,之后逐渐下降至次年1月达最低值。幼龄林根系呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例为31．79％～59．00％;而中龄林根系呼吸所占比例范围（23．50％-50．26％）较幼龄林小。中龄林和幼龄林根系呼吸速率与土壤5cm内温度相关性显著。中龄林根系呼吸对土壤温度的敏感程度大于幼龄林。在温度较低的情况下,土壤高含水量并没有促进根系的呼吸,但与土壤温度互作可能对林木根系呼吸产生较为显著的促进效果,这方面还需进一步研究。     

Evolutionary instability of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in basidiomycetes

Mycorrhizae, the symbiotic associations of plant roots and fungal hyphae, are classic examples of mutualisms. In these ecologically important associations, the fungi derive photosynthetic sugars from their plant hosts, which in turn benefit from fungus-mediated uptake of mineral nutrients. Early views on the evolution of symbioses suggested that all long-term, intimate associations tend to evolve toward mutualism. Following this principle, it has been suggested that mycorrhizal symbioses are the stable derivatives of ancestral antagonistic interactions involving plant parasitic fungi. Alternatively, mutualisms have been interpreted as inherently unstable reciprocal parasitisms, which can be disrupted by conflicts of interest among the partners. To determine the number of origins of mycorrhizae, and to assess their evolutionary stability, it is necessary to understand the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa involved. Here we present a broad phylogenetic analysis of mycorrhizal and free-living homobasidiomycetes (mushroom-forming fungi). Our results indicate that mycorrhizal symbionts with diverse plant hosts have evolved repeatedly from saprotrophic precursors, but also that there have been multiple reversals to a free-living condition. These findings suggest that mycorrhizae are unstable, evolutionarily dynamic associations.     

解磷细菌对难溶磷肥的解磷效率比较

 磷元素是植物生长必需的大量营养元素之一,土壤中磷素的固定现象严重,有效磷含量降低,影响植物的生长发育。解磷细菌能将基质中难溶性磷转化为可溶性磷,能够提高土壤中有效磷含量。通过玉米盆栽实验,比较不同菌株及其联合作用对土壤中难溶磷肥的释放及对植物生长的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根与解磷细菌联合作用显著地提高了植物地上、地下的生物量,能够高效地释放出沙土中添加的难溶性磷肥,使土壤有效磷含量增加;沙土的pH值被提高到接近中性,使酸性磷酸酶活性升高,促进有机营养物质转化为无机物,更易被植物吸收利用;接种菌根可以显著提高根系的侵染率和菌丝密度,能够扩大根系的吸收面积,改善根际土壤的环境,达到促进植物生长的目的。利用丛枝菌根真菌和解磷细菌进行微生物复垦,对沙化贫瘠土地的生态修复具有重大意义。     

模拟氮沉降对典型阔叶红松林土壤呼吸的影响

阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林是我国东北东部山区的地带性顶极植被,全球氮沉降增加可能影响其碳循环的各个过程。在2010年和2011年的5—10月,对典型阔叶红松林进行了模拟氮沉降实验。实验设置了对照(N₀, 0 kg/(hm²·a))、低氮(N₁, 30 kg/(hm²·a))、中氮(N₂, 60 kg/(hm²·a))和高氮(N₃, 120 kg/(hm²·a))4种模拟氮沉降处理,每隔半个月采用Li-6400-09便携式CO₂/H₂O气体分析仪对土壤呼吸速率进行测定,研究了氮沉降对典型阔叶红松林土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:① 各处理土壤呼吸速率的季节变化与5 cm深度的土壤温度相似,均呈现出明显的季节变化趋势,最大值出现在6月中旬(3.84～4.55 μmol/(m²·s)),最小值出现在5月初(1.37～1.84 μmol/(m²·s)),土壤温度的变化可解释土壤呼吸速率季节变化的49.9%～69.2%。② 各处理的土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈指数相关(R²=0.499～0.692),土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、湿度及其相互作用的回归模型可以解释各处理土壤呼吸速率52.2%～73.5%的季节变异; ③ N₀、N₁、N₂和N₃样地土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q₁₀值分别为2.10、1.93、1.97和2.01; ④ 各处理样地土壤呼吸速率的平均值分别为3.09、2.78、3.06和2.90 μmol/(m²·s),与对照样地N₀相比,土壤呼吸速率和凋落物量无明显相关(P> 0.05)。     

根系输入对森林土壤碳库及碳循环的影响研究进展

植物根系输入是森林土壤碳库的重要来源。全球气候变化可能引起森林地下部分碳通量改变,进而影响森林土壤碳库及碳循环。笔者综述了根系输入对土壤碳累积、土壤活性碳库(包括土壤微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳)和土壤碳库稳定性的影响,综合分析了森林土壤呼吸、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性对根系输入变化的响应。分析发现:①根系输入减少可能减弱根际的激发效应,使土壤有机碳(SOC)短期增加,但从长期来看根系输入的缺失会导致SOC的减少;②根系分泌的一些物质促进土壤初始团聚体的形成,但其对矿物-有机质结合物稳定性的影响还不完全清楚;③根系输入减少会降低土壤呼吸作用;④微生物群落结构对根系输入变化的响应主要取决于微生物对底物质量和数量的适应,而这些响应在不同森林生态系统间可能也有差异;另外,酶合成主要取决于与微生物生长相关的资源分配到酶生产中的成本效率。目前,关于根系输入对碳循环,特别是土壤呼吸的研究比较多,但根系输入物组成复杂,微生物与酶对不同根系输入物的响应机制尚不清楚,这些响应在不同森林生态系统中也有差异;此外,根系输入对土壤碳库稳定性的作用常被忽视,根系与微生物的相互作用对碳循环和土壤碳库稳定性的影响还有很大不确定性。建议加强植物根系、土壤和微生物的相互关系研究,以深入理解气候变化背景下森林生态系统碳循环。     

氮沉降和接种菌根真菌对灌木铁线莲非结构性碳水化合物及根际土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】通过研究氮沉降和接种菌根真菌处理对植物根际土壤酶活性和非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响,探讨全球氮沉降变化背景下植物根际微生态环境及植物生长的应对策略。【方法】以1年生盆栽灌木铁线莲单一接菌(根内根孢囊霉,编号+R;摩西斗管囊霉,编号+F)、混合接菌(根内根孢囊霉和摩西斗管囊霉体积比1:1的混合菌剂,编号+RF)的菌根苗和非菌根苗(未接菌,编号-M)为研究对象,设置4个氮沉降处理试验,即不施氮[CK,0 g/(m²·a)]、低氮[LN,3 g/(m²·a)]、中氮[MN,6 g/(m²·a)]、高氮[HN,9 g/(m²·a)],测定1年生灌木铁线莲苗木非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)[可溶性糖(SS)、淀粉(ST)],以及根际土壤酶[β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、β-1,4-N-乙酰-氨基葡糖苷酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)]等指标。基于单因素方差分析、双因素交互作用分析和相关性分析方法,在氮沉降量增加的背景下,研究不同接菌处理对苗木根际土壤碳、氮、磷相关酶活性及苗木各器官内非结构性碳水化合物分配的影响,从而探讨接菌处理下各指标对不同氮沉降水平的响应差异。【结果】①除BG活性外,氮沉降、接种菌根真菌及二者交互作用显著影响灌木铁线莲根际土中氮、磷相关酶活性。HN处理下,接种菌根真菌显著降低苗木根际土壤NAG活性。-M处理下,与磷相关的根际土壤ACP和ALP活性在HN条件下显著增加。+R和+F处理下,ALP均在HN处理达到最大。②氮沉降、接种菌根真菌及二者交互作用显著影响灌木铁线莲苗木非结构性碳水化合物。氮沉降处理下,各接菌处理苗木SS、ST和NSC含量高于未接菌处理苗木的,且在+F处理苗木的SS、ST和NSC含量均达到最大。③在LN、MN和HN处理下,-M处理苗木的各器官NSC含量大小顺序为茎<根<叶,而接菌处理苗木的各部位的大小顺序为根<茎<叶。HN处理下,+F处理苗木根内ST和NSC含量达到最大值,茎和叶内SS和NSC含量均达到最大值。④氮沉降和接种菌根真菌处理下,SS、ST、NSC含量与土壤氮相关的NAG活性显著负相关,而与磷和碳相关的酶显著正相关;其中苗木非结构性碳水化合物与磷相关土壤酶ALP活性的相关性系数最高,与碳相关土壤酶BG活性相关性系数最低。【结论】氮沉降和接种菌根真菌处理对灌木铁线莲苗木根际土壤氮、磷相关酶活性的影响高于对根际土壤碳相关酶活的影响,氮沉降处理显著增强菌根苗根际土壤磷酸酶活性。氮沉降背景下,接菌处理提高了苗木非结构性碳水化合物含量,其中接种摩西斗管囊霉的效果最为显著,且明显增加了高氮环境中苗木对根中非结构性碳的分配。     

Influences of double aerial CO2 concentration on plant root surface area and viability and infection intensity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Using recently developed methods for root research, an investigation initiated concerning effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration on root surface area and infection of vesicular-arbuscu-lar mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi in seedlings of maize, wheat and soybean. Results showed that doubled CO2 concentration significantly extended root system surface area and promoted VAM fungal infection intensity and viability. However, interspecific variation existed in these responses. It is suggested that plant community succession would be changed due to altered characteristics of roots among species in the future climate.     

非根际土壤中丛枝菌根网和碳酸钙互作对香樟幼苗氮磷养分的影响

为考察非根际土壤中丛枝菌根网(后简称菌根网)和碳酸钙互作对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗氮磷养分的影响，模拟构建了植物根际和非根际隔室装置，采用尼龙网隔离实现根际与非根际隔室菌根网互联，在根际隔室中种植香樟幼苗并接种丛枝菌根真菌，在非根际隔室施加或未施加外源碳酸钙，培养期结束后测定植物生物量和氮、磷含量。结果显示：菌根网对香樟幼苗植株生物量，氮、磷摄取量及氮磷比有明显影响；施加碳酸钙明对幼苗植株氮含量、氮摄取量及氮磷比有明显的影响；在施加碳酸钙后菌根网明显提升了幼苗植株生物量，氮含量及氮、磷摄取量，叶片氮、磷摄取量和根的氮磷比；在菌根网存在时施加碳酸钙可明显提高植株氮含量、根和叶的氮摄取量以及根的氮磷比；菌根网与碳酸钙的交互作用明显影响了幼苗植株氮含量，氮、磷摄取量和氮磷比，但对幼苗植株生物量无明显影响。研究结果提示非根际喀斯特土壤中互联菌根网和碳酸钙相互作用能够促进植物对氮磷养分的吸收利用。