从消极自由到积极自由——论密尔的自由主义

密尔是古典自由主义集大成者,他的自由理论既总结了传统自由主义,又开启了向新自由主义转变的历史潮流.当古典自由主义在当代复兴时,另一位自由主义大师柏林对自由概念进行了积极自由与消极自由的区分,并认为密尔是消极自由最典型的代表,但运用这两种自由概念对密尔的自由主义进行重新解读时,发现密尔的自由主义中存在着积极自由因素:密尔把人的社会生活划分为私人领域和公共领域,在私人领域,个人的自由是去做什么的自由,即积极自由;而在公共领域,个人的自由是免于做什么的自由,即消极自由.因此,不能将密尔完全视为消极自由者,而无视他自由思想中的积极自由的一面.     

功利主义会导致多数人暴政吗?——功利主义与自由主义之关系辨析

功利主义的"最大幸福原则"有一个隐含命题即"自由是最大的功利".由于忽视这一命题,罗尔斯指责功利主义会导致多数人暴政,即多数人对少数人自由权利的剥夺.为同功利主义划清界限,罗尔斯在他的两个正义原则中强调"最少受惠者"的利益.然而在哈桑伊看来,罗尔斯在"无知之幕"的原始状态下通过"极大极小规则"得出的正义论本质上也属于功利主义.功利主义与自由主义是可以相容的,密尔同时主张功利主义和自由主义展现了二者结合的可能性.事实上,在防止多数人暴政和主张平等的自由这两方面,罗尔斯与密尔是殊途同归的.     

对约翰·密尔限制选举权的反思

自由主义法律思想是约翰·密尔对功利主义的新贡献，在实现个人和社会自由方面，他认为代议制政府是最好的政府形式，扩大选举权是改革代议制政府的基本要求．然而密尔的选举权思想在自由主义理论和民主代议制政府实践之间存在着无法克服的矛盾．     

自我、权利与正义——与约翰·密尔自由主义相关的三个问题

自由主义有着许多不同形态.在自我、权利与正义这三个当代政治哲学关心的核心议题上,密尔式自由主义都给出了与康德式自由主义非常不同的思考.密尔认为自我既不是一种超越于经验之上的先验性个体,又不是一种必须依附于所处社群而存在的身份性个体.密尔将权利与善的关系转化成了自由与善的关系,自由能够让善多元化.密尔的功利原理不仅仅是一种道德原理,正义在道德领域具有首要性,但在整个功利原理当中并不占据着核心位置.密尔式自由主义能够提供一种为自由主义辩护的新思路.     

论功利与自由在密尔进步观中的整合

约翰·斯图亚特·密尔的功利主义和自由主义常常被指责相互冲突,并且引发了关于功利原则与自由原则之整合问题的持久争论.针对这一争论的主题,本文以贯穿密尔道德哲学的始终却很少被关注的进步观为切入点和载体,探讨两个原则各自扮演的角色以及两者间的张力关系,为密尔的整合工作做出辩护.     

对密尔自由主义思想的解读

对于密尔究竟是一个功利主义者还是一个自由主义者理论界颇有分歧，有人称密尔是继边沁之后的又一功利主义集大成者，也有人认为密尔是一个重视个体自主性的自由主义思想者，以致于出现了“两个密尔”的解读。本人认为，密尔是一个功利主义的自由主义者。其早期的思想确实是“功利主义”，但在中后期思想发生了改变，意识到边沁功利主义的一些弊端，通过对边沁功利主义的修正，思想逐渐倾向于“自由主义”。他的自由主义思想处在古典自由主义思想向新自由主义思想的过渡阶段，在古典与现代自由主义之间起着一个桥梁的作用，具有不可忽视的地位。     

干预和个人自由

个人自由和权利是近代宪政思想与法治理念的核心要素,个人自由的提出正是为了划定公共权力的界限,个人自由所及之处正是公共权力止步之处。密尔提出的"伤害原则"划出了自由的范围,界定了权力干涉的边界。密尔的伤害原则遭受了两个方面的批判:对涉己涉他二分法的批判,基于父爱主义的批判。前一种批判可以通过对干预理由的理解得到化解,而后者因其对干预的界限过于模糊,可能导致对自由的极大破坏,因此,其批判也是失败的。     

谈英国对殖民地的统治——《代议制政府》读后感

密尔是西方自由主义的先驱,他的思想对西方政治发展有着重要的影响。通过阅读《代议制政府》第十八章《自由国家对附属国的统治》解读英国殖民地公务人员的政策。     

在政治自由中积极捍卫个人自由——贡斯当的自由观辨析

在欧洲大陆，贡斯当最早对卢梭的理论作出系统批判，通过对法国大革命的总结而积极地推行自由主义政治原则。他首次明确区分了个人自由和政治自由，并强调个人自由是真正的自由，政治自由是个人自由的保、障，因而不能因政治自由而牺牲个人自由。     

再谈鲁迅与中国现代自由主义

鲁迅与中国现代自由主义者本是同根所生 ,在理解和践履自由主义基本信念上 ,较之任何自由主义者 ,鲁迅都绝无逊色。但是 ,鲁迅并非在中国简单鼓吹或演绎西方自由主义思想 ,他考虑更多的是自由理念如何有效地触动中国的现实与文化 ,怎样真正在中国人的内心扎根。他不是抽象地谈论、横向地移植西方自由思想 ,而是具体研究如何唤醒中国人的自由意识 ,如何建立一种符合自由理念的自由的思想与创造方式。鲁迅主要依靠他的文学进行自由的思想与创造 ,他和自由主义的关系 ,是文学与意识形态之关系的一个有趣个案。鲁迅在不同时期 ,对自由主义理论以及自由主义者 ,都提出过自己的质疑或批判 ,这并不意味着他怀疑自由主义基本理念 ,而恰恰是他从中国的实际出发 ,提醒人们注意自由主义本身或有的分裂或偏至。鲁迅和中国现代自由主义者还共享着注重个人气魄承担的中国传统的精神资源。正是通过自由主义 ,传统与现代在鲁迅和其他一些知识分子身上才真正得以沟通     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.