中国13世纪历法的交食推算精度

中国１３ 世纪历法交食计算的原理及方法主要载于《元史历志》的《授时历》术文中．《授时历》是中国历史上最负盛名、精度极高的一部著名历法．本文在恢复并确认其交食推步法的基础上,通过比较《授时历》行用期间（ 文中给出了 Ａ Ｄ１２８０ ～１６４５） 的推步结果与现代计算结果之间的关系,从而研究《授时历》的交食推步精度．具体而言,１） 给出了日、月食食甚时刻的平均误差分别为２３ ．９ｍｉｎ 和１９ ．４ｍｉｎ ;２） 得到了日、月食食分的古今推步结果之间的关系;３） 指出《授时历》的交食推步存在可靠性问题．     

《授时历草》“立天元一求矢术”复原

本文根据《梅氏丛书辑要》《赤水遗珍》（１７６１）中梅钰成关于“授时历立天元一求矢术”的记录，恢复了《授时历草》（１２８１）这一人段珍贵史料，分析了它与李治，朱世杰所用天元术的异同之处，并且指出《授时历》作者是直接套用沈括会圆术，利用全弧背来推导出割圆求矢术的。     

授时历议中的仲康日食记录研究

“授时历议”见于《元史·历志》,是一篇用以阐述《授时历》（元代郭守敬等编制,行用于ＡＤ１２８１—１６４４）博大精深的长篇论文．通过对其中“仲康日食”记录的研究得出：１）“仲康日食”是一个与古代天文家推步合验的事件;２）《授时历》能求解出大部分“仲康日食”的现有结果;３）公元前２１２８年１０月１３日是僧一行（６８３—７２７）和郭守敬（１２３１—１３１６）推步“仲康日食”发生的日期,但尚未得到现代计算的认同;４）公元前２１２８年为仲康五年,只是古代的一个年代学结论．     

《受时历》交食推步研究

在借鉴《大统历》的基础上，研究了并较正了《授时历》“步交食”术；同时根据《授时历》的平、定朔（望）推进，完善地给出其交食推步步骤和一般方法；用《授时历》推步和现代计算结果对部分交食记录进行了计算分析，通过比较可得出古记录是观测实录还是预防结果，以及其中是否存在在人为等因素，指出本给出的《授时历》交食推步法确是其时天官所用之法。     

<授时历>与仲康日食推算

《书经》所载“仲康日食”的时间确定问题一直是夏年代学中的一个难题 基于华夏历史时期天文家们的研究成果 ,尤其是根据复原了的元代《授时历》交食推步术及有关史料 ,重新考察这次日食事件及古代的推步结果 ,确认了郭守敬等用《授时历》推算出的“仲康日食”发生的日期当是公元前 2 12 8年 10月 13日 ;提供了由《授时历》方法编算的 - 2 2 0 0至 - 1799年日食典 ;为进一步的研究准备了条件     

《授时历》与仲良日食推算

《书经》所载“仲康日食”的时间确定问题一直是存年代学中的一个难题，基于华夏历史时期天天文家们的研究成果，尤其是根据复原了的元件《授时历》交食推步术及有关史料，重新考察这次日食及古代的推步结果，确认了郭守敬等用《授时历》推算出的“仲康日食”发生的日期当是公元谫２１２８年１０月１３日，提供了由《授时历》方法编算的－２２００至－１７９９年日食典；为进一步的研究准备了条件。     

《授时历》交食推步研究

在借鉴《大统历》的基础上，研析并较正了《授时历》“步交食”术文；同时根据《授时历》的平、定朔（望）推步，完整地给出其交食推步步骤和一般方法；用《授时历》推步和现代计算结果对部分交食记录进行了计算分析，通过比较可得出古记录是观测实录还是预报结果，以及其中是否存在人为等因素，指出本文给出的《授时历》交食推步法确是其时天文官所用之法     

郭守敬的《授时历》和朝鲜的《七政算内篇》

《授时历》被评价为中国历史上最优秀的历法,并且成为明朝《大统历》和朝鲜《七政算内篇》成书的基础。《七政算内篇》是朝鲜世宗时代(1418—1450年)取得的重要天文业绩之一,以《回回历》为基础,与《七政算外篇》一同于1444年编纂成书。《七政算内篇》的历元、天文常数和计算法等基本体系参照《授时历》,应数值则参照了《大统历》的辛巳应数。且把四余添加在推步的项目中,在计算日月食时使用的常数值则参考了元统1384年编纂的《大统历法通轨》,《七政算内篇》汲取了《授时历》和《大统历》的优点。     

《授时历草》“立天元—求矢术”复原

本文根据《梅氏丛书辑要》《赤水遗珍》(1761)中梅钰成关于“授时历立天元一求矢术”的记录,恢复了《授时历草》(1281)这一段珍贵史料,分析了它与李治、朱世杰所用天元术的异同之处,并且指出《授时历》作者是直接套用沈括会圆术,利用全弧背来推导出割圆求关术的。     

关孝和对《授时历》中白道交周问题的研究

白道交周算法被认为是《授时历》的五项创新方法之一,但中国明清时期的历算家已不能通晓该法.清初梅文鼎(1633—1721年)等所撰《明史·历志》曾详论前四项,但缺乏对白道交周问题的说明.清初黄宗羲(1610—1695年)虽大致复原了白道交周算法,但对某些细节没有弄清,推导过程还出现一处明显的错误.日本数学家关孝和(1640?—1708年)研究《授时历》的著作《授时发明》对白道交周法却有详细的讨论,他的相关工作有助于澄清过去研究这一问题存在的疑问.《授时历》中白道交周问题的算法,以天元术推导多项式方程,而明末清初天元术等宋元数学方法在中国失传,因而当时的历算家无法完全掌握推导过程.由于关孝和等日本数学家通过学习传入日本的元代数学著作掌握了天元术等数学方法,因而能够对《授时历》算法的每一细节作出说明.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to