基于重要抽样法的风电齿轮箱齿轮可靠性灵敏度分析

为了评估风电齿轮箱齿轮参数对其失效概率的影响,以1.5 MW风电齿轮箱高速级从动轮为研究对象,假设影响齿轮强度和应力的各个参数服从正态分布的随机变量,基于重要抽样方法对齿轮齿面接触疲劳和齿根弯曲疲劳失效分别进行可靠性灵敏度分析.分析结果表明,齿轮齿面工作硬化系数对齿轮接触疲劳失效的影响最大,齿轮弯曲强度计算的寿命系数对齿轮弯曲疲劳失效的影响最大,齿轮失效概率随各设计参数标准差的增大而增大.分析结果可以为风电齿轮箱齿轮的设计制造提供参考.     

摩擦力作用下的齿轮齿根弯曲疲劳强度的计算

在考虑摩擦力的情况下，通过建立直齿圆柱齿轮的力学模型，研究了齿根的应力分布规律；推导出摩擦力作用下的齿轮齿根弯曲疲劳强度的计算公式，并提出了影响轮齿弯曲疲劳强度之一的综合齿形系数。     

双圆弧齿轮弯曲动应力有限元分析

基于有限元及瞬态响应特性分析理论,将ANSYS和Pro／Engineer软件相结合,利用数据表对双圆弧齿轮进行斜坡式施加动载荷,并对产生的复杂弯曲动应力进行仿真分析,得出了特定工况下齿根及齿腰等效弯曲动应力的分布区域和变化规律．研究表明：当凸齿开始进入啮合时,啮入端齿根及齿腰的等效弯曲动应力最大;适当加大主动轮齿啮入端修薄量和齿轮重合度尾数,可提高齿轮的弯曲强度,但在啮出端不必进行齿端修薄．     

基于有限元的差速器齿轮动态啮合特性分析

针对汽车行驶过程中差速器的2种典型工况,计算某轿车差速器行星齿轮和半轴齿轮的转速和转矩分配.基于有限元动态仿真方法,建立差速器齿轮接触有限元模型,进行动态啮合仿真,研究了齿轮啮合时的应力分布情况.分析了齿轮接触面间的摩擦系数对应力分布的影响,发现随着摩擦系数的增大,齿轮接触应力有所上升.基于名义应力法,以动态啮合时的最大接触应力作为载荷输入,计算齿轮的接触和弯曲疲劳寿命,齿轮的疲劳危险位置发生在齿轮齿面接触区域和齿轮齿根,齿轮寿命符合设计要求.结果表明所开发的结合齿轮动态仿真与疲劳寿命分析方法可以有效地预测差速器齿轮寿命.     

地铁列车减速器直齿轮弯曲疲劳有限元分析与试验

为研究地铁列车减速器小齿轮齿根部受力情况及弯曲疲劳裂纹萌生的机理,通过建立齿轮副有限元模型,对齿轮啮合过程进行瞬态动力学分析,得到了齿轮啮合过程中齿根处的应力-时间历程进而对齿根弯曲疲劳行为进行了试验研究。瞬态动力学分析表明,小齿轮齿根处在啮合过程中受到脉动循环载荷的作用,最大拉应力出现在齿轮啮合至分度圆时;且齿根处最大主应力的方向为沿齿根切线方向。齿根弯曲疲劳试验结果表明,裂纹在齿根弧线的中间位置萌生,方向为齿根切线的垂直方向。结合有限元分析结果可发现,齿根处裂纹在最大拉应力幅值位置萌生,其扩展行为受最大拉应力的主导。为进一步优化齿轮的设计、制造工艺及材料的选择提供了依据。     

齿宽系数对面齿轮齿根弯曲应力的影响

根据面齿轮传动的啮合原理,给出面齿轮齿根弯曲应力计算的三齿几何模型.采用正交试验法,确定面齿轮的计算参数.通过有限元分析,计算面齿轮齿根弯曲应力;将面齿轮当量成齿条,分析弯曲应力比值与齿宽系数的关系,获得面齿轮齿根弯曲应力的拟合计算公式.研究结果表明:面齿轮最大弯曲应力位于齿根部位;沿齿根最大弯曲应力的齿宽方向,其弯曲应力近似呈抛物线分布;面齿轮弯曲应力的比值与齿宽系数近似呈线性分布,平均相对误差为6.17%;齿根弯曲应力对面齿轮的齿宽系数和齿数较敏感,在使用本文给出的拟合计算公式,且当面齿轮齿数小于90且齿宽系数小于3时,计算结果可适当放大5%,以减小齿宽系数和齿面曲率对齿根弯曲应力的影响.     

EHL下矿场用重载齿轮的喷丸及疲劳性能分析

弹流润滑（ＥＨＬ）条件下,石油矿场用大模数重载齿轮的承载能力得到提高,齿面接触疲劳失效与齿根弯曲疲劳断裂则成为其主要的失效形式．喷丸强化是改善齿轮表层种种缺陷的有效而简便的方法,喷丸产生的硬化层残余压应力场和显微组织相变是提高齿轮接触疲劳强度的重要因素．从单齿弯曲疲劳,齿面接触疲劳,接触疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展,表层显微硬度,残余奥氏体情况,表层残余应力及亚组织结构等方面讨论了喷丸对齿轮接触疲劳性能的影响．     

低载强化对圆柱齿轮残余应力影响的试验研究

以经过表面工艺处理的高强度齿轮单齿弯曲为例,试验研究了疲劳极限以下小载荷强化和疲劳损伤载荷对齿根残余应力的影响.结果表明,经过强化小载荷对反复锻炼后,单齿弯曲疲劳强度和疲劳寿命还能够得到强化和提高;小载荷的反复锻炼不会影响和破坏齿根表面的残余应力;疲劳极限附近的损伤载荷加载到疲劳寿命中期对齿根的残余应力没有显著影响;屈服强度附近的损伤载荷加载到疲劳寿命中期,齿根的残余应力明显衰减.     

齿轮疲劳极限应力快速测定法

本文提出了一种新的快速齿轮疲劳试验方法。即将基于Miner理论的Locati应用于齿轮的疲劳试验。这种方法仅用一对齿轮,采用台阶增载的加载方法,一次方法试验即可测出齿轮的疲劳强度极限值(齿面接触疲劳强度极限值或齿根弯曲疲劳强度极限值)。文中叙述了用这种方法所做的六对齿轮试验情况,其中两对齿轮做齿根弯曲疲劳试验;四对(两种不同材质的)齿轮作齿面接触疲劳试验。试验结果表明:用此法测定出的疲劳强度极限值相当接近于用常规试验所测定的值。本文还对此种快速试验方法进行了分析讨论。     

斜齿轮传动过程的力学性能及疲劳寿命预测

根据齿轮传动中轮齿折断和齿面点烛疲劳破坏现象,基于齿轮啮合原理,对斜齿轮啮合过程的力学性能及疲劳寿命预测进行研究,结合实例分析计算齿轮传动过程中齿面接触应力变化规律和齿根弯曲应力变化规律;利用ANSYS建立斜齿轮副有限元模型,分析齿面接触应力和齿根弯曲应力,将其与理论计算结果比较,验证有限元分析方法的正确性;利用FE-SAFE中的名义应力分析法对斜齿轮副的危险部位进行疲劳寿命预测.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.