着丝粒串联重复序列RCS2对亚洲栽培稻和非洲栽培稻的比较分析

为了揭示中高度重复序列在同为AA基因组的亚洲栽培稻和非洲栽培稻基因组中的差异以及重复序列在.栽培稻种的分化过程中可能起到的作用,利用水稻着丝粒串联重复序列RCS2作为探针分别对籼稻广陆矮4号、粳稻日本晴和非洲栽培稻的体细胞染色体进行荧光原位杂交(FISH)实验,并对其核型进行同源性聚类和比较分析,杂交结果显示:RCS2序列位于在3种栽培稻染色体组中,RCS2序列位于每条染色体的着丝粒位置,但有不同的分布特点,表明该3种栽培稻基因组的RCS2序列有不同的进化方向.探讨了RCS2序列结合Cot-1 DNA FISH方法对水稻染色体组进行核型分析的可行性和优势.     

利用GISH和C0t-1DNA-FISH对稻属B，C，G基因组的比较分析

为探究稻属B,C,G基因组之间的关系以及研究中高度重复序列在稻属不同物种基因组进化中的作用,利用药用野生稻和斑点野生稻的中度和高度重序列C0t-1 DNA和总基因组作为探针,对疣粒野生稻进行了比较染色体原位杂交分析.该2种野生稻的总基因组和C0t-1 DNA在疣粒野生稻染色体上信号覆盖率分别为(72.39±0.11) %,(75.60±0.18) %,(47.93±0.16) %,(55.47±0.12) %. 此外,以C0t-1 DNA的杂交信号组成为依据,对疣粒野生稻染色体组进行了核型分析.结果表明:G基因组和B,C基因组之间的关系都比较远,其原因可能是G基因组要早于B,C基因组从稻属的祖先中发生分化,并在进化过程中发生加倍、重排和基因选择性丢失等现象,形成了各自种的特异基因组成分.稻属基因组中度和高度重复序列与功能基因一样,在不同种中也存在着相当的同源性和保守性,并在进化过程中得以保存下来.药用野生稻和疣粒野生稻基因组增大的重要原因之一,可能是基因组中度和高度重复序列加倍的结果.     

利用C_ot-1 DNA FISH对3种异源四倍体野生稻的比较分析

利用来源于药用野生稻(CC基因组)的中高度重复序列C_ot-1 DNA作为探针,在相同的洗脱严谨度下,通过荧光原位杂交(FISH)对3种基因组同为CCDD的异源多倍体野生稻,宽叶野生稻(O.latifolia)、高杆野生稻(O.alta)、大颖野生稻(O.grandiglumis)进行基因组比较分析.结果发现:在80%的洗脱严谨度下,杂交信号在宽叶野生稻的C、D基因组上的分布差异较为明显,可以区分24条来源于C基因组的染色体和24条来自于D基因组的染色体;相同洗脱度下的高杆野生稻和大颖野生稻的C、D基因组则区别不明显,表明此2种野生稻中的C、D基因组亲缘关系比宽叶野生稻中的C、D基因组关系要近.在此基础上,分别利用来源于栽培稻(AA基因组)和药用野生稻(CC基因组)的C_ot-1DNA作为探针,在不同洗脱严谨度下,对C、D基因组关系相对最远的宽叶野生稻进行FISH分析,进一步研究宽叶野生稻染色体中C、D基因组的进化关系.随着洗脱严谨度的调整,杂交信号呈现出较高的特异性,主要分布在着丝粒、近着丝粒及端粒区域.结果表明:以不同洗脱严谨度下的FISH结果为基础进行的基因组分析.可进一步提高野生稻染色体识别的准确性,为研究异源多倍体的起源及进化提供依据.     

籼稻93-11和粳稻日本晴DNA插入缺失差异片段揭示的水稻籼-粳分化

碱基的插入/缺失(InDel)引起DNA序列变化并形成了DNA片段长度多态,可以用作遗传标记.为了评价基于籼稻93-11和粳稻日本晴全基因组序列比对获得的差异片段而设计的InDel引物在鉴定籼稻和粳稻两种生态型以及研究稻属不同物种之间亲缘关系的意义,采用45对InDel引物,对来自亚洲10个国家的49份籼稻、43份粳稻品种和24份野生稻进行了检验.结果表明,其中41对InDel引物鉴定籼稻或粳稻品种的准确率高于80%.主成分分析散点图显示:籼稻与粳稻存在明显的遗传分化;含AA基因组的野生稻物种与籼稻品种存在较近的亲缘关系;非AA基因组的野生稻物种不存在明显的籼-粳分化.并且证明了基于籼稻93-11和粳稻日本晴全基因组序列比对获得的InDel差异片段设计的引物可以用于栽培稻籼稻和粳稻品种的鉴定以及籼-粳分化问题的研究,及探索稻属不同物种间的亲缘关系.     

一个药用野生稻异源单体附加系在减数分裂时期的GISH分析鉴定

异源单体附加系是从亲缘关系较远或属间的一个物种单条染色体附加到另一个物种中．栽培稻珍籼97B与药用野生稻Hy18杂交与连续回交，在BC2后代中得到一个药用野生稻单体附加系．生物素标屺的药用野生稻总DNA作为探针，未标记的栽培稻总DNA封阻，对其异源单体系减数分裂染色体进行基因组原位杂交．FISH结果表明，在栽培稻（AA，2n=24）基因组中附加了一条药用野生稻染色体，并鉴定为第8号染色体．研究表明，药用野生稻异源单体附加系的建立为药用野生稻的基因组学和遗传学的研究提供一个新的操作平台．而GISH技术在水稻远缘杂交育种中是最准确有效的染色体鉴定方法．在水稻育种改良中具有重要应用前景．     

籼稻和粳稻的高效分子鉴定方法及其在水稻育种和进化研究中的意义

为了建立准确高效的籼稻和粳稻鉴定方法,对基于籼稻(93-11)和粳稻(日本晴)的全基因组DNA序列比对而获得的45个特异插入/缺失(InDcl)位点进行了实验验证.以包括93-11和日本睛在内的44个典型籼稻和典型粳稻品种为实验群体,用45对InDel引物对上述水稻品种的DNA样品进行了PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,获得了多态的电泳条带.对获得的各InDel位点的基因型数据矩阵进行了中性检测(neutrality test),确定了与栽培稻的籼、粳遗传分化密切相关的34个InDel位点.进一步对来自亚洲11个国家的栽培稻品种和来源不同12个野生稻物种的PCR产物和电泳结果的读取和分析,计算这些栽培稻品种和野生稻DNA样品在这34个InDel位点上的籼型或粳型基因频率,最终确定了不同样品的籼、粳特性.该籼稻和粳稻鉴定方法被称为"InDel分子指数法".与传统基于形态特征鉴定栽培稻籼、粳特性的"程氏指数法"相比,该方法不仅能够准确鉴定籼稻和粳稻,而且还具有更快捷、简便和高效的特点.另外,InDel分子指数法还可以用于野生稻样品的籼、粳特性鉴定,扩大了被检测样品的范围,具有广阔的应用前景.InDel分子指数法的建立为栽培稻育种过程中正确选用籼稻或粳稻种质资源提供了新的技术方法,也为栽培稻的起源、籼-粳遗传分化、以及籼稻和粳稻在驯化过程中如何适应地理环境变化提供了新的研究思路.     

籼-粳稻特异插入／缺失分子标记揭示的稻属植物遗传分化

籼-粳分化在亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa L.)的驯化过程中非常重要,但其分化机制仍不清楚.有的学者认为水稻籼-粳分化是亚洲栽培稻在驯化过程中适应不同生境的结果,也有人认为籼-粳分化在水稻的野生祖先种中就已经存在.为了研究普通野生稻的籼-粳分化,并解析稻属(Oryza)植物的籼-粳遗传变异,利用34对籼-粳特异插入/缺失分子标记(InDel)引物,研究了50份典型籼稻(O.sativa L.subsp.Indica Kato)和粳稻(O.sativa L.subsp.japonica Kato)样本以及来源于35个国家的348份稻属其他种材料.结果表明,亚洲栽培稻存在明显的籼-粳分化,普通野生稻复合体(O.rufipogon complex)中存在"偏籼"和"偏粳"类型,而稻属的其他种均未出现籼-粳分化,普通野生稻复合体中"偏籼"和"偏粳"类型的地理分布格局与籼稻和粳稻的地理分布格局相吻合.考虑到大部分普通野生稻复合体的样本取自邻近有栽培稻种植的普通野生稻群体,推测得出部分普通野生稻样本中表现出的"偏籼"和"偏粳"类型可能是栽培稻的籼稻品种和粳稻品种在普通野生稻的长期协同进化过程中基因交流的结果.     

籼稻和粳稻的高效分子鉴定方法及其在水稻育种和进化研究中的意义

为了建立准确高效的籼稻和粳稻鉴定方法,对基于籼稻（93—11）和粳稻（日本睛）的全基因组DNA序列比对而获得的45个特异插入／缺失（InDel）位点进行了实验验证．以包括93—11和日本晴在内的44个典型籼稻和典型粳稻品种为实验群体,用45对InDel引物对上述水稻品种的DNA样品进行了PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,获得了多态的电泳条带．对获得的各InDel位点的基因型数据矩阵进行了中性检测（neutrality test）,确定了与栽培稻的籼、粳遗传分化密切相关的34个InDel位点．进一步对来自亚洲11个国家的栽培稻品种和来源不同12个野生稻物种的PCR产物和电泳结果的读取和分析,计算这些栽培稻品种和野生稻DNA样品在这34个InDel位点上的籼型或粳型基因频率,最终确定了不同样品的籼、粳特性．该籼稻和粳稻鉴定方法被称为“InDel分子指数法99与传统基于形态特征鉴定栽培稻籼、粳特性的“程氏指数法”相比,该方法不仅能够准确鉴定籼稻和粳稻,而且还具有更快捷、简便和高效的特点．另外,InDel分子指数法还可以用于野生稻样品的籼、粳特性鉴定,扩大了被检测样品的范围,具有广阔的应用前景．InDel分子指数法的建立为栽培稻育种过程中正确选用籼稻或粳稻种质资源提供了新的技术方法,也为栽培稻的起源、籼-粳遗传分化、以及籼稻和粳稻在驯化过程中如何适应地理环境变化提供了新的研究思路．     

野生稻种质资源利用研究

文章综述了近年来野生稻遗传基础方面的研究及其利用的伟大成就．野生稻是水稻育种的重要基因库．与栽培稻亲缘关系较近的 Ａ Ａ 染色体组型野生稻,其优异基因的转移和利用已取得辉煌成就．非 Ａ Ａ 型野生稻与栽培稻远缘杂交不亲和是阻碍其优异基因利用的障碍．常规杂交和现代生物技术（胚拯救技术和细胞工程）相结合是克服种间屏障的有效方法     

长雄野生稻紫色柱头性状的遗传和基因定位研究

 由花青素合成代谢形成的紫色柱头性状在包括长雄野生稻在内的AA基因组野生稻中较为普遍.为研究长雄野生稻中的紫色柱头性状,以具无色柱头的亚洲栽培稻品种RD23为轮回亲本与紫色柱头的长雄野生稻进行回交,经胚挽救和多代连续选择,获得3个柱头颜色有分离的BC₆F₁定位群体.这些群体中,柱头颜色均适合1(紫色):1(无色)的分离比例,表明紫色柱头性状受一对显性核基因控制.通过微卫星标记分析,将控制紫色柱头的基因定位在水稻第6染色体上,距标记RM₂₅₃,RM111和RM6917分别为2.5,0cM和4.4cM.对比已发表的紫色柱头基因座位,它可能与来自亚洲栽培稻的Ps-4(t)基因等位,所以暂命名为Ps-4(t).     

An active DNA transposon family in rice

The publication of draft sequences for the two subspecies of Oryza sativa (rice), japonica (cv. Nipponbare) and indica (cv. 93-11), provides a unique opportunity to study the dynamics of transposable elements in this important crop plant. Here we report the use of these sequences in a computational approach to identify the first active DNA transposons from rice and the first active miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) from any organism. A sequence classified as a Tourist-like MITE of 430 base pairs, called miniature Ping (mPing), was present in about 70 copies in Nipponbare and in about 14 copies in 93-11. These mPing elements, which are all nearly identical, transpose actively in an indica cell-culture line. Database searches identified a family of related transposase-encoding elements (called Pong), which also transpose actively in the same cells. Virtually all new insertions of mPing and Pong elements were into low-copy regions of the rice genome. Since the domestication of rice mPing MITEs have been amplified preferentially in cultivars adapted to environmental extremes-a situation that is reminiscent of the genomic shock theory for transposon activation.     

Physical location of riceGm-6, Pi-5(t) genes inO. officinalis with BAC-FISH

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure was adopted to physically map two rice BAC clones 24E21 and 4F22 linked to Gm-6 and Pi-5(t) in O. offi-cinalis. FISH results showed that the two BAC clones were located at 4L. The percentage distance from the centromere to the hybridization sites was 72 + 2.62 for 24E21 and 54+ 5.43 for 4F22, the detection rates were 52.70% and 61.2%. The results obtained from the BAC and plasmid clones, RG214 and RZ565 of cultivated rice and O. officinalis were the same. This suggested that the markers, RG214 and RZ565 of cultivated rice and O. officinalis were in the same BAC clones. The homologous sequences of Gm-6 and Pi-5(t) in O. officinalis were positions that signals existed on the 4L. Many signals were observed when no Cot-1 DNA blocked. This also showed that repetitive sequences were some ho-molgous between cultivated rice and O. officinalis. The identification of chromosome 4 of O. officinalis is based on Jena et al. (1994). In our study, we discussed the possibility of physical map in O. officinalis with rice BAC clones.     

Comparative genome research between maize and rice using genomicin situ hybridization

Using the genomic DNAs of maize and rice as probes respectively, the homology of maize and rice genomes was assessed by genomic in situ hybridization. When rice genomic DNAs were hybridized to maize, all chromosomes displayed many multiple discrete regions, while each rice chromosome delineated a single consecutive chromosomal region after they were hybridized with maize genomic DNAs. The results indicate that the genomes of maize and rice share high homology, and confirm the proposal that maize and rice are diverged from a common ancestor.     

Development and characterization of interspecific hybrids between Oryza sativa and O. latifolia by in situ hybridization

Oryza sativa and O. latifolia belong to the AA and CCDD genomes of Oryza, respectively. In this study, interspecific hybrids of these species were obtained using the embryo rescue technique. Hybrid panicle traits, such as long awns, small grain, exoteric large purple stigma, grain shattering and dispersed panicles, resemble that of the paternal parent, O. latifolia, whereas there is obvious heterosis in such respects as plant height, tillering ability and vegetative vigor. Chromosome pairing and the genomic components of the hybrid were subsequently investigated using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Based on the mitotic metaphase chromosome numbers of the root tips investigated, the hybrid is a triploid with 36 chromosomes. The genomic constitution of the hybrid is ACD. In the meiotic metaphase I of the hybrid pollen mother cell, poor chro- mosome pairing was identified and most of the chromosomes were univalent, which resulted in com- plete male sterility in the hybrid.     

Identification and mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling cold-tolerance of Chinese common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) at booting to flowering stages

Cold injury is an important limitation of rice production. Therefore, screening for cold-tolerant genetic resources and the development of highly cold-tolerant cultivars is crucial for higher yield potential and stable yield of rice. There have been several reports on the genetic analysis and QTL mapping of the cold-tolerance at the booting stage. Toriyama et al.[1,2] and Futsuhara et al.[3,4] reported that 4 or more genes were involved in the cold-tolerance. Several QTLs at the booting sta…     

Comparative analysis of A, B, C and D genomes in the genus Oryza with Cot-1 DNA of C genome

Fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） was applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza officinalis Wall. （CC）, O. sativa L. （AA）xO. officinalis F1 hybrid （AC）, backcross progenies BC1 （AAC and ACC）, O. latifolia Desv. （CCDD）, O. alta Swallen （CCDD） and O. punctata Kotschy （BBCC） with a labelled probe of Cot-1 DNA from O. officinalis. In O. officinalis, the homologous chromosomes showed similar signal bands probed by Cot-1 DNA and karyotype analysis was conducted based on the band patterns. Using no blocking DNA, the probe identified the chromosomes of C genome clearly, but detected few signals on chromosomes of A genome in the F1 hybrid and two backcross progenies of BC1. It is obvious that the highly and moderately repetitive DNA sequences were considerably different between C and A genomes. The chromosomes of C genome were also discriminated from the chromosomes of Dand B-genome in the tetraploid species O. latifolia, O. alta and O. punctata by Cot-1 DNA-FISH. Comparison of the fluorescence intensity on the chromosomes of B, C and D genomes in O. latifolia, O. alta, and O. punctata indicated that the differentiations between C and D genomes are less than that between C and B genomes. The relationship between C and D genomes in O. alta is closer than that of C and D genomes in O. latifolia. This would be one of the causes for the fact that both the genomes are of the same karyotype （CCDD） but belong to different species. The above results showed that the Cot-1 DNA had a high specificity of genome and species. In this paper, the origin of allotetraploid in genus Oryza is also discussed.     

Efficient indica and japonica rice identification based on the InDel molecular method: Its implication in rice breeding and evolutionary research

An efficient molecular method for the accurate and efficient identification of indica and japonica rice was created based on the poly-morphisms of insertion/deletion (InDel) DNA fragments obtained from the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) to the entire genomic sequences of indica (93-11) and japonica rice (Nipponbare). The 45 InDel loci were validated experimentally by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in 44 typical indica and japonica rice varieties, including 93-11 and Nipponbare. A neutrality test of the data matrix generated from electrophoretic banding patterns of various InDel loci indicated that 34 InDel loci were strongly associated with the differentiation of indica and japonica rice. More extensive analyses involving cultivated rice varieties from 11 Asian countries, and 12 wild Oryza species with various origins confirmed that indica and japonica characteristics could accurately be determined via calculating the average frequency of indica- or japonica-specific alleles on different InDel loci across the rice genome. This method was named as the "InDel molecular index" that combines molecular and statistical methods in determining the indica and japonica characteristics of rice varieties. Compared with the traditional methods based essentially on morphology, the InDel molecular index provides a very accurate, rapid, simple, and efficient method for identifying indica and japonica rice. In addition, the InDel index can be used to determine indica or japonica characteristics of wild Oryza species, which largely extends the utility of this method. The InDel molecular index provides a new tool for the effective selection of appropriate indica or japonica rice germplasm in rice breeding. It also offers a novel model for the study of the origin, evolution, and genetic differentiation of indica and japonica rice adapted to various environmental changes.