乙二醛电氧化制备乙醛酸的研究

以间接氧化技术电化学法合成乙醛酸.Br-在阳极上氧化生成Br2,继而以Br2作媒介,间接氧化乙二醛生成乙醛酸,同时Br2被还原为Br-,从而实现了溴的循环使用.研究了氧化媒介、电流密度、温度、乙二醛初始浓度等因素对氧化过程的影响.实验表明,在电流密度为25 mA·cm-2,反应温度为(30±5)℃,乙二醛初始质量分数为10%～25%,氢溴酸质量分数为10%的条件下,电流效率75%～83%.     

尿囊素化学合成的改进

为使乙二醛的氧化反应平稳地启动,可在浓硝酸中加入少量乙醇。在氧化反应的过程中逐步地提高反应温度,反应后期进行减压浓缩,提高了乙醛酸的浓度,缩短了氧化时间,并使尿囊素产率达到４０％。     

在乙醛酸等化合物存在下乙二醛测定方法研究

本文介绍了对含有乙醛酸等羰基化合物的乙二醛水溶液,用分光尤度计测定乙二醛含量的方法。所用试剂为对硝基苯肼,显色剂为氫氧化四甲铵,加碱后3分钟内即可进行测定。乙二醛和乙醛酸浓度分别在10~(-6)—10~(-5)和0—10~(-4)mol/L之内,所测相对误差低于5.0％。本方法具有简便、快速和专一性较高的优点,可用于乙二醛制备乙醛酸工艺中,测定原料转化率之用。     

乙二醛与氧气在单重态势能面上反应机理的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论研究了CHOCHO与O2在单重态势能面上的反应机理.在M06/6-31G(d,p)水平上优化了各反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态、产物)的几何构型,IRC计算证实了中间体和过渡态的真实性和相互连接关系,并计算了它们的振动频率和零点能,通过零点能校正计算了各反应通道的活化能.计算结果表明,乙二醛与氧气反应,存在生成乙醛酸和甲酸两条反应通道,两条通道的速控步骤的能垒分别为295.4kJ/mol和274.2kJ/mol,说明乙二醛分子很稳定,常温下很难被氧化成乙醛酸.相对而言,生成甲酸和CO2的通道为主反应通道.对各个反应通道分析可知,乙二醛生成乙醛酸的关键在于CHOCHO分子中的H原子转移至O2上的反应,由于有氧自由基的生成,氧化反应很难控制,生成的乙醛酸易被氧自由基继续氧化生成草酸.而在生成甲酸通道中,C-C键的断裂会造成甲酸和CO2的产生.     

乙醛酸及其钠盐、钙盐的制备和分离

本文介绍了在少量浓盐酸及亚硝酸钠存在下,用硝酸氧化20％乙二醛制备乙醛酸及其钠盐、钙盐的方法。乙醛酸产率为75—80％。用氢氧化钙粉末将反应混合液调节在不同的pH范围内,草酸钙(pH1.0～1.5)和乙醛酸钙(pH2.5～3.0)便接近定量析出。再先后用氫型和钠型离子交换树脂处理乙醛酸钙,可分别制得较纯的乙醛酸溶液和乙醛酸钠固体。该制备和分离方法具有简便、经济和得率较高的优点。     

尿囊素合成工艺研究

研究了以乙二醛为原料 ,经氧化、缩合等步骤合成尿囊素工艺 ,提出了缩合反应机理 ,证明产品滤液回收套用可以提高收率。产品结构经熔点测定、元素分析及红外光谱分析证明正确     

新型Pd/C催化乙二醛选择性氧化生成乙醛酸的研究

以NaBH4为还原剂制备均匀分散的Pd/C催化剂,考察其在乙二醛选择性氧化生成乙醛酸的催化效率及负载量、反应温度、空气流速、pH值等的影响,发现当Pd负载量(质量分数)为4.7%时,在50℃、100 mL/min空气流速和pH=7.7条件下反应3.5 h可获得乙醛酸的最佳得率30%,优于氢气或甲醛还原制备的Pd/C催化剂.     

杂多化合物催化合成尿囊素的研究

以乙二醛和尿素为原料 ,过氧化氢为氧化剂 ,采用具有酸碱催化和氧化还原催化双功能的K15H2 [Ce( P2 W15Mo2 O61) 2 ]杂多化合物为催化剂 ,系统地研究了尿囊素的合成条件 .其最佳工艺条件 :乙二醛的氧化温度为 3～ 8℃ ,尿囊素的生成温度是 75℃ ,乙二醛与过氧化氢的物质的量比为1 .0∶ 1 .1 ,催化剂与乙二醛的物质的量比为 2 .9× 1 0 -5∶ 1 .0 ,反应时间 8h,尿囊素收率为2 7.2 2 % ,采用红外光谱验证产品结构     

乙二醛阳极氧化制乙醛酸过程的化学分析方法

乙二醛阳极氧化制乙醛酸的电解液可用简便的化学分析法测定,其中草酸的定量可用钙盐沉淀后用高锰酸钾法测定;乙二醛的定量用坎屁查罗反应后用标准酸测定;醛总量用亚硫酸纳法测定,乙醛酸的定量用醛总量减乙二醛的量。     

萃取法分离提纯乙二醛中的乙醛酸

乙二醛阳极电氧化制乙醛酸工艺中,乙醛酸的纯化问题直接关系到电流效率及产品质量,采用萃取法除去乙醛酸中的乙二醛。分别研究了叔胺类萃取剂,稀释剂、萃洗剂的组成和配方、以及最佳萃取工艺条件,使电解液中乙醛酸与乙二醛的质量比由（3-2：1）纯化为（30-20：1）。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.