湘江微污染饮用水源生物过滤试验研究

通过试验探讨了生物过滤对湘江微污染饮用水源的处理效果。试验结果表明，生物过滤可有效去除湘江微污染饮用水源中的可同化有机炎(AOC)、可生物降解有机炎(BDOC)、氨氮、铁、锰和浊度，提高饮用水生物稳定性。不同滤料介质组成的生物滤池具有不同的去除效果。由活性碳、石英砂组成的生物滤池对AOC、BDOC、氨氮、铁、锰等的去除效果比由无烟煤、陶粒和石英砂等滤料组成的生物滤池好，加氯水反冲洗对生物过滤具有明显的负面影响。     

微污染水源水中重金属和有机污染物的去除

针对中国饮用水源中的微量重金属及有机物污染存在于常量的碱金属、碱土金属与 Fe,Mn等过渡金属背景下的特点 ,提出了用弱碱性阴离子交换树脂去除饮用水中的微量重金属及有机污染物的处理工艺。文中讨论了弱碱性阴离子交换树脂去除水中重金属及有机物的原理和特点 ,并用14种国产弱碱阴树脂研究了去除重金属及有机污染物的可行性。结果表明 ,弱碱阴树脂对苯酚的去除以物理吸附作用为主 ,并可通过表面络合作用去除 Hg2 ,Cd2 。弱碱阴树脂确实能有效去除饮用水源中的重金属 (Hg2 ,Cd2 )及有机物 (苯酚 ) ,并能使出水满足饮用水水质标准     

饮用水生物强化过滤处理效能及其影响因子研究述评

概述了饮用水生物强化过滤工艺的研究进展,讨论了该工艺对污染物的去除效果及其影响因子,描述了滤层中贫营养微生物膜的特性,提出了有待进一步研究的问题.分析认为:生物活性滤池可有效地降低微污染水体中的浊度,并对有机物、氨氮、铁、锰等污染物质有较好的去除效果;滤料介质、空床接触时间、反冲洗水质和反冲洗方式等是主要影响因素;滤层中贫营养微生物生理生态特性、物化与生化的协同作用等有待深入研究.     

改性滤料强化过滤微污染地表水研究

针对太湖流域某地水厂常规过滤介质对微污染水源水中典型污染物去除效果不甚理想的情况,开展了碱式聚合氯化铝(PAC)改性滤料强化过滤试验研究.研究结果表明:PAC改性石英砂滤料对浊度、CODMn、UV254的去除效果明显优于未经改性的普通石英砂滤料,去除率分别提高了0.3%、12.4%、13.8%;同时,能强化对稳定性铁锰的过滤效果,在进水铁浓度为1.21 mg/L时,改性滤料对铁的去除率比普通石英砂滤料高9.1%.     

深床过滤消除水中典型的POPs污染研究

随着人口的不断增长,人类活动范围的不断扩大,工农业生产规模的不断发展,天然水体受到了不同程度的污染,水环境中的污染物质日益增多,污染物成分越来越复杂[1].持久性有机污染物[2-4] (POPs)对人体有致癌、致突变及致畸的危害.近年来在一些水源中已发现POPs的存在,水源的污染必然影响到自来水的水质,严重威胁着人民群众的饮水安全,过滤是我国给水处理工艺的重要组成部分,过滤质量的好坏直接影响到自来水水质.深床过滤对于低温低浊原水是非常经济有效的,其在世界范围内得到广泛地研究与应用[5].为此,研究了深床过滤去除POPs的各项优化参数[5-9],探讨了应用深床过滤工艺[7,10]对饮用水源水中的POPs的消除机理.     

泉州市饮用水源地有机污染物监测调查与评价

本文作者参加了泉州市环境监测站开展的城市饮用水源地有机污染物的监测调查,根据监测数据进行总结,本次监测结果表明泉州市饮用水源水质优良.     

组合工艺对高氨氮污染河网原水去除效能研究

以高氨氮高有机物污染河网原水为研究对象,考察集生物预处理、常规处理、深度处理于一体的组合处理工艺对于原水特征污染物的去除效能.试验发现,生物预处理和生物活性炭对氨氮去除贡献较大,温度是影响氨氮去除效果的一个重要因素;对于有机物,组合处理工艺对CODMn的去除率比TOC高,混凝沉淀和生物活性炭是主要的去除单元;混凝沉淀对...     

常州城市饮用水源水环境质量生物学评价

对常州城市饮用水两个断面生物学方面的监测,表明常州市城市饮用水源水粪大肠菌群指标介于1100-5000个/L,卫生学状况满足饮用水源功能使用要求;发光细菌急性毒性实验结果也表明常州市城市饮用水源水质无急性毒性生物效应,毒理学评价尚属安全;生物群落结构显示水污染特别是有机污染生物效应.     

超声催化臭氧去除滤后水中微量有机物研究

研究了超声波催化臭氧处理松花江滤后水中微量有机物的种类及其含量变化.并利用GC-MS等多种检测手段对比分析了单独超声、单独臭氧及其组合三种不同工艺氧化后,出水中微量有机物种类及质量浓度的变化.结果表明,单独超声、单独臭氧及超声强化臭氧氧化后,出水中有机物种类分别由原来的57种降为41、39、30种,三种氧化工艺对烷烃、杂环烃、芳香烃类物质去除较好,酮醛类物质氧化后明显增加.     

沸石强化过滤的效果及其对水质的影响

采用沸石作为新型滤料进行了强化过滤试验，试验结果表明沸石不仅具有去除水中浊度作用，而且还可去除水中氨氮和部分有机物。在试验条件下，沸石对浊度的去除率在65％左右，对CODMn、氨氮的去除率分别在10％、95％以上，对水中常见的3种微污染有机物LAS、三氯甲烷、苯酚的去除率分别达到17．7％、44．45％、34％，且沸石作为滤料不会增加水中有害金属离子浓度。因此沸石强化过滤是一种有效、安全的提高水质的方法。     

饮用水中微量有机污染物质的GC/MS分析

采用XAD树脂富集技术和GC／MS方法,对长沙市某管网末梢水中的微量、痕量有机污染物进行分析,共检出有机污染物38种,其中以氯代化合物、邻苯二甲酸酯类、醇类、杂环类、芳烃为主,并且有5种物质在中国环境优先污染物“黑名单”之列,分别是三氯乙烯、萘、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、乙苯、1,4-二甲基苯．由于常规水处理工艺无法去除这些对人体有害的物质,因此建议水厂在考虑自身条件的基础上,积极采用活性炭吸附、臭氧氧化以及膜分离等饮用水深度处理技术,生产出更加优质的饮用水．     

复合滤池-人工湿地组合工艺对城市高污染水的处理

采用复合滤池-人工湿地组合工艺处理城市高污染水,考察了组合工艺对污染物的去除效果及稳定性的影响。结果表明,有机物的降解和硝化主要在滤池中完成,氮、磷则通过人工湿地进一步去除。温度的季节性变化对磷的去除效果有少许影响,碳源不足限制了脱氮效果,组合工艺对污染物的处理效果稳定,出水中COD、TP、NH4+-N、TN平均质量浓度分别为16.39、0.38、1.44、16.38 mg/L,出水水质可达到城市杂用水水质标准。     

改性滤料和活性炭去除有机物的特性研究

研究了改性滤料和活性炭去除有机物的分子量分布特性,以及二者结合使用时去除有机物的特性.研究结果表明:涂铁铝砂对水中的有机物有很强的吸附作用,0.45μm膜过滤后总有机物紫外消光值AUV254从0.1 cm-1降到0.055 cm-1,去除率达到45%.其中对分子量大于1×103u的有机物去除效果非常明显,去除率都超过了70%.而活性炭对小分子有机物有很好的去除能力,将涂铁铝砂和活性炭联合使用,可使有机物的去除率增加50%.在实际工程中,要根据原水水质来选择合适的处理工艺.     

Modeling of Biofiltration Process in Drinking Water Treatment

The aim of this research is to develop a representative model which simulates the performance of a biofilter used to treat drinking water.A steady-sate model is applied.The Monod-type substrate utilization is used,and the external and the internal mass transfer are neglected in this model.The model describes the process of substrate biodegradation,bacterial attachment onto filter media,and detachment of suspended bacteria.It simulates the natural organic matter (NOM) and biomass profiles in a biofilter as a function of filter depth and filtration velocity.The key biokinetic parameters k and KS are estimated through a special experiment.The results of the model testing show that the model prediction agrees well with the experimental data     

Numerical simulation for volatile organic compound removal in rotating drum biofilter

Rotating drum biofilters (RDBs) could effectively remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste gas streams. A mathematical model was developed on the basis of mass transport and mass balance equations in an RDB,the two-film theory,and the Monod kinetics. This model took account of mass transfer and biodegradation of VOC in the gas-water-biofilm three-phase system in the biofilter,and could simulate variations of VOC removal efficiency with a changing specific surface area and porosity of the media due to the increasing of biofilm thickness in the biofilter. Toluene was used as a model VOC. This model was further simplified by introducing a coefficient of the gas velocity and ne-glecting the water phase due to the complexity of operating conditions. The equations for the biofilm phase,gas phase,and biofilm accumulation in this model were solved using collocation method,ana-lytic method,and the Runge-Kutta method separately. A computer program was written down as MATLAB to solve this model. Results of numerical solutions showed that toluene removal efficiency in the RDB increased and reached the maximum values of 97% on day 4 after the startup,and then de-creased and remained at 90% after 5 more days of operation. Toluene concentration was high at the outermost layer where more than 70% toluene was removed,and was low at the innermost layer where less than 10% toluene was removed. The dynamic removal efficiencies from this model correlated reasonably well with experimental results for toluene removal in a multi-layered RDB.     

A novel integrated UV-biofilter system to treat high concentration of gaseous chlorobenzene

A novel integrated UV-biofilter system using UV reactor as the pretreatment process was setup to treat high concentration of gaseous volatile organic compounds （VOCs）. Another control biofilter without the UV pretreatment was also established to compare the performance of the two systems. Chlorobenzene was selected as a model compound. The two systems were operated in parallel under different inlet chlorobenzene concentrations （500, 1000, 1600, mg· m^-3）. The experimental results indicate that the integrated system could eliminate chlorobenzene completely （100% removal efficiency） at the inlet concentration of 500 mg· m^-3, whereas only 60% removal efficiency was achieved for the control biofilter. Also the elimination capacity for the organic carbon of the integrated system was much higher than that of the control biofilter. On the basis of intermediates analysis by Ion Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, the UV pretreatment has been proven to be able to enhance the performance of the following biofilter by transferring the recalcitrant target to some more biodegradable and soluble organic products （such as formic acid and chlorophenol）. Furthermore, the produced ozone, a harmful by-product from UV photo-degradation, could be easily eliminated by the following biofiltration process.     

硝化-反硝化生物滤器处理城市污水的启动和运行效果

实验室废水处理反应器处理实际城市污水运行75 d .主要系统为包含两部份的上流式生物滤器.生物滤器上部曝气,用于硝化;下部缺氧,用于反硝化.为了避免自养硝化菌和异养微生物的竞争,采用新式间接启动方法实现硝化仅用时两周.该生物滤器在室温下运行,溶解于水中总有机碳(DOC)的去除率可达到75 %,总固体悬浮物的去除率可达88·5 %,总氨氮和总氮可分别去除94 %和60 %.