Effect of Dy3+on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mouse primary bone marrow stromal cells and adipocytic trans-differentiation of mouse primary osteoblasts

A series of experimental methods including 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measurement, mineralized function, Oil Red O stain and measurement were employed to assess the effect of Dy³⁺ on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mouse primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and the adipogenic trans-differentiation of mouse primary osteoblasts (OBs). The results showed that Dy³⁺ had no effect on BMSC proliferation at concentrations of 1×10⁻⁸ and 1×10⁻⁵ mol/L, but inhibited BMSC proliferation at other concentrations. Dy³⁺ had no effect on OB proliferation at concentrations of 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻⁹ mol/L, but inhibited OB proliferation at other concentrations. Dy³⁺ had no effect on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs at concentrations of 1×10⁻⁹ and 1×10⁻⁷ mol/L, and promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs at other concentrations at the 7th day. The osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was inhibited by Dy³⁺ at concentration of 1×10⁻⁵ mol/L at the 14th day, but promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs at concentrations of 1×10⁻⁹, 1×10⁻⁸, 1×10⁻⁷ and 1×10⁻⁶ mol/L with the maximal effect at concentration of 10⁻⁶ mol/L. Dy³⁺ promoted mineralized function of BMSCs at any concentration. Dy³⁺ had no effect on adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs at concentration of 1×10⁻⁷ mol/L, but inhibited adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs at other concentrations. Dy³⁺ inhibited adipocytic trans-differentiation of OBs at any concentration, suggesting that Dy³⁺ had protective effect on bone and the protective effect on bone may be mediated by modulating differentiation of BMSCs away from the adipocyte and inhibiting adipocytic trans-differentiation of OBs which may promote differentiation and mineralization of OBs. These results may be valuable for better understanding the mechanism of the effect of Dy³⁺ on pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Supported by the Foundation for Key Program of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 208018)     

Effects of Genistein and Daidzein on the Proliferation, Invasion, Migration and Adhesion of Melanoma Cells

IntroductionGenistein and daidzein (Fig.1 ) ,two majorisoflavonoids in soybeans,were reported to playimportant roles in cancer prevention[1 ,2 ] .Previousstudies demonstrated that genistein and daidzeininhibited the growth of leukemia,breast,colonand prostate cancers[38] .Our earlier studies alsodemonstrated that daidzein enhanced the immunefunction in mice[9,1 0 ] . These functions madegenistein and daidzein promising candidates forcancer prevention. However,it is usually themetastatic disse…     

玉柏石松中甾体化合物对体外培养成骨细胞活性的影响

为研究玉柏石松中甾体化合物豆甾烷-3-酮-21-羧酸（SA）对体外培养小鼠成骨细胞系MC3T3-E1活性的影响,用Alamar Blue法检测了成骨细胞增殖率,碱性磷酸酶试剂盒检测了细胞中碱性磷酸酶活性,茜素红染色检测了成骨细胞矿化水平,荧光定量PCR检测了成骨细胞骨分化相关基因的表达.结果显示：8μmol/L和16μmol/L的SA处理细胞8 d能抑制成骨细胞碱性磷酸活性;处理细胞16 d能提高骨细胞矿化水平.SA抑制成骨早期分化相关基因（Runx-2和Osterix）的表达,促进骨基质蛋白OPN和骨重建相关转录因子（Jun-D,Fra-1和Fra-2）的表达.故SA具有促进骨折愈合的成骨活性,可能通过促进相关转录因子表达,骨折断面旧骨的吸收和骨基质钙化等方式完成.     

去乙酰化酶抑制剂TSA对间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2增殖和成脂分化的影响

采用MTT和流式细胞术分别检测不同浓度的TSA对C3H10T1/2细胞活性和细胞周期分布的影响;油红O染色检测TSA对其成脂分化的影响,实时定量PCR检测TSA对成脂分化的关键转录因子PPAR-γ,以及成脂分化标志物Fabp4和Adipoq mRNA转录的影响.研究去乙酰化酶抑制剂TSA对间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2增殖和成脂分化的影响及其可能的作用机制.结果显示TSA浓度为1、10和30 nmol/L呈浓度依赖性地抑制C3H10T1/2细胞活性,改变细胞形态,并将其细胞周期抑制在G0/G1期;TSA浓度为10nmol/L明显抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的成脂分化作用,并呈浓度依赖性地抑制PPAR-γ、Fabp4和Adipoq mRNA的转录.表明TSA呈剂量依赖性地抑制间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2的增殖和成脂分化,除转录水平调控外,非组蛋白如细胞骨架相关蛋白可能也参与TSA的抑制作用.     

Notch signaling stimulates osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Notch signaling is one of the most important pathways mediating cell determination and differentiation.In this study, the roles of Notch signal in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were investigated. The expression of Notch1, Jaggedl and DTXI detected by reverse transcrip-tion polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) suggested that Notch signal might exhibit a physiological regulatory role in the differentiation of MSCs. Constitutive expression of the intracellular domain of Notchl (ICN), the active form of Notchl protein, can activate Notch signal in cells without ligands‘ binding, hMSCs were isolated, expanded, and infected with retrovirus carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene or ICN. Overexpression of ICN in hMSCs resulted in enhanced osteogenic differentiation induced by dexamethasone (Dex), which was characterized by an increase of cellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition. These results indicate that Notch stimulates differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts.     

大鼠骨髓基质细胞体外定向诱导成骨

将大鼠骨髓单细胞悬液静置培养36h，利用骨髓基质细胞贴壁能力强的特点对其进行纯化和扩增培养。采用爬片培养、HE染色、组化染色以及碱性磷酸酶活性和钙含量测定等手段研究培养骨髓基质细胞的形态、分化和分泌基质情况。结果表明，非诱导培养条件下骨髓基质细胞呈梭形，部分传代细胞中可观察到脂肪细胞和肌细胞。经成骨性诱导培养后，骨髓基质细胞发生明显的形态学变化，碱性磷酸酶活性上升，钙含量增加，最终形成典型的矿化结节。提示培养大鼠骨髓基质细胞具有分化成脂肪细胞和肌细胞的能力，但其分化成骨的潜能最为强大。本实验诱导骨髓基质细胞分化为成骨细胞的模式有可能适用于骨组织工程研究。     

成骨细胞诱导骨髓基质细胞体外成骨的初步研究

目的:探讨在不使用细胞因子或化学药物的情况下,成骨细胞(Osteoblast,OB)与骨髓基质细胞(Bone Marrow Stromal Cells,BMSCs)混合培养时,成骨细胞提供的成骨微环境能否在体外诱导BMSCs向成骨细胞分化,并复合支架形成成熟的骨组织.研究成骨细胞诱导BMSCs有效成骨的最小比值(指成骨细胞与骨髓基质干细胞数量的比值).方法:SY别培养SD乳鼠的成骨细胞与SD大鼠的BMSCs,将成骨细胞和BMSCs以1:9、2:8、3:7、1:0的不同比例进行混合培养,通过测定第3、6、9天培养液上清中的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的含量,研究成骨细胞促BMSCs有效成骨的最小比值.将两种细胞以该最小浓度比混匀接种于涂附Ⅰ型胶原壳聚糖材料支架上(直径9 mm,高3mm)作为混合培养组,相同终浓度的单纯成骨细胞和单纯BMSCs分别接种于相同支架作为阳性对照及阴性对照.另设置低比值成骨细胞对照组(仅含有共培养组中相同的成骨细胞数,但不含有共培养组中的BMSCs).全部标本均于体外培养8周后取材,通过大体观察、组织学及免疫组织化学等相关检测对新生骨进行评价.结果:成骨细胞和BMSCs以3:7的比例进行混合培养时已可实现有效成骨.3:7比例的混合培养组及阳性对照组(成骨细胞组)体外培养8周后大体观察和苏木素-伊红染色(HE)、ALP染色基本相同,均表达骨特异性细胞外基质Ⅰ型胶原,形成了较成熟的骨组织.阴性对照组(单纯BMSCs组)和低比值成骨细胞组,原细胞支架复合物变小、变形.低比值成骨细胞组在局部形成了少量的骨组织,阴性对照组(单纯BMSCs组)未能发现骨样组织形成.结论:在不使用细胞因子或化学药物的情况下,成骨细胞提供的成骨微环境能够在体外诱导BMSCs向成骨细胞分化并形成成熟的骨组织.混合细胞中成骨细胞与BMSCs的比例为3:7时是有效成骨的最小比值.     

氯化镧和氯化钆对小鼠免疫细胞作用的体外实验

通过MTT法研究了LaCl3和GdCl3对小鼠免疫细胞的作用.结果表明,GdCl3在0.001～10μmol/L浓度内均能促进小鼠脾细胞的增殖,0.001～0.1μmol/L的LaCl3促进小鼠脾细胞的增殖,其他浓度没有影响;除0.1μmol/L浓度外,其他测试浓度下的LaCl3均促进小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖;0.001μmol/L的GdCl3抑制小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖,0.01～1μmol/L时对小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖没有影响,10μmol/L时转而促进小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖.浓度为0.1μmol/L的LaCl3和GdCl3对小鼠B淋巴细胞的增殖有抑制作用,其他测试浓度下均促进小鼠B淋巴细胞的增殖.作用时间为4 h时,0.001μmol/L的LaCl3对NK细胞的活性没有影响,其他浓度下的LaCl3均能提高NK细胞的活性,0.001～10μmol/L的GdCl3均能提高NK细胞的活性;作用时间为8 h时,0.001和0.01μmol/L的LaCl3显著降低NK细胞的活性,0.1和1μmol/L的LaCl3提高NK细胞的活性,当浓度为10μmol/L时对NK细胞的活性没有影响,1μmol/L的GdCl3降低NK细胞的活性,其他测试浓度均能提高NK细胞的活性.这提示LaCl3和GdCl3对小鼠免疫细胞的影响模式与其作用浓度、作用时间以及稀土元素的种类都是密切相关的.     

A microenvironment,rather than chemical,initiates the cardiomyogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells

To investigate the potential of cardiomyogenic differentiation of rat hone marrow stromal cells (MSCs), they were exposed to 5-azacytidine treatments (single/repeat) at varying concentrations (3, 5, 10μmol/L) and the fates of the cells were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, Western blot and the reporter gene of enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) under the control of ventricular myosin light chain 2 (MLC2v) promoter. MSCs were also cocultured with cardiomyocytes for periods up to 16 days, and the expression of cardiac myosin heavy chain(MHC) and troponin Ⅰ (Tn I) proteins was analyzed. After the induction with 5-azacytidine, neither spontaneously beating ceils nor myotubes were found; MHC and Tn I proteins were also undetectable and no ECFP-positive MSCs were detected. But when cocultured with cardiomyocytes, spontaneously contracting MSCs were observed and cardiac specific proteins could be detected. The results proved that the novel effects of 5-azacytldine on the cardiomyogenic differentiation of MSCs should be questioned and a direct intercellular communication with cardiomyocytes is necessary for MSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocytes.     

山芝烯二醇对体外培养成骨细胞成骨活性的影响

为研究玉柏石松提取物山芝烯二醇对体外培养小鼠颅骨成骨细胞活性的影响,采用MTT法、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）试剂盒、荧光定量PCR检测不同浓度药物作用不同时间后成骨细胞增殖、ALP活性和成骨活性相关基因,如原癌基因（c-jun、c-fos）、成骨转录因子（Osterix）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、Ⅰ型胶原（Col-Ⅰ）、骨钙素（OC）表达.结果显示：山芝烯二醇处理早期（3 d）促进成骨细胞增殖,促进c-jun、c-fos基因表达,先抑制后促进Osterix基因表达;晚期（9 d）促进ALP活性和ALP、Col-Ⅰ基因表达,对OC基因无明显影响.说明山芝烯二醇可以促进成骨细胞的增值,ALP活性及部分骨相关基因表达,是玉柏石松促进骨愈合的有效成分之一.     

Synergistic effect of trace elements and flavonoids from Epimedium koreanum Nakai on primary osteoblasts

Several trace elements, particularly, manganese （Mn） and zinc （Zn）, are essential in bone metabolism as cofactors for specific enzymes. It has been reported that there exists the relationship between osteoporosis and trace element-deficiency and the efficacy of Ca, Mn and Zn supplementation on spinal bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Traditional Chinese medicines （TCM）, such as Herba epimedii, were proved to be effective for prevention of osteoprosis in vivo; however, the efficacy of the main constituents and/or crude extract was not ideal in vitro, which suggested that they may work in another way. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the combination of icariin and total flavonoids （TF） from Herba epimedii with mineral elements, which were abundant in Herba epimedii, would have a more beneficial effect on the viability and differentiation of primary osteoblasts than either agent alone, and to analyze the dada for a possible synergistic, additive or antagonistic effect. The combinations of 10 μmol/L Zn, Ca and Mn with icariin and total flavonoids greatly improved the cell viability and meanwhile dramatically enhanced the alkaline phosphatase activity as compared to each agent alone. On the other hand, an increased cell growth inhibition was also observed by combining 0.1 μmol/L, 1 pmol/L Zn with 10μmol/L icariin, and 10 μmol/L Mn with 0.06 μg/mL total flavonoids. Meanwhile a decreased alkaline phosphatase activity was also found in several icariin-Zn/Mn and total flavonoids-Zn/Ca/Mn combinations. These results suggested that mineral elements （Zn, Ca, Mn） greatly enhanced the efficacy of icariin and total flavonoids from Herba epimedii on the viability and differentiation of primary osteoblasts by certain combinations.     

不同诱导条件对树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的影响

目的 探讨不同诱导条件对树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞（BM-MSCs）体外向成骨细胞分化的影响。方法 取 P3代树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞分成7组进行诱导。A组：高糖DMEM+1μmol/L地塞米松+100μmol/L维生素C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠;B组：高糖 DMEM+50 ng/mL BMP-2;C组：高糖 DMEM+80 ng/mL BMP-2;D组：高糖DMEM+50μmol/L维生素C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠+20ng/m L BMP-2;E组：高糖 DMEM+1μmol/L地塞米松 +100μmol/L维生素C+20 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠;F组：高糖DMEM+100μmol/L地塞米松+100μmol/L维生素 C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠;G组：DMEM/F12+0.1μmol/L地塞米松 +50μmol/L维生素C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠。诱导18 d后进行碱性磷酸酶和茜素红染色鉴定其诱导分化情况。结果 每一组碱性磷酸酶染色呈不同程度的阳性,茜素红染色可在A、B、C、D和E组观察到明显矿化结节。结论 A组、B组、C组、D组和 E组可以诱导树鼩BM-MSCs向成骨细胞分化,其中以A组和B组效果最为突出。     

生物力学作用对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和成骨分化影响研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞在体内所处的力学环境比较复杂,为了探索生物力学与骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化之间的关系,对近年来生物力学微环境对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化影响的研究现状和最新进展进行了综述。认为牵张力与流体剪切力对骨髓间充质干细胞产生的刺激大部分会使其向成骨方向分化,而较大的压缩力和静水压力对骨髓间充质干细胞产生的刺激大部分会使其偏向软骨方向分化,小部分向成骨方向分化,每种分化方向都有其最适的分化条件。通过综述生物力学对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及成骨分化的影响,为骨髓间充质干细胞的骨组织工程与再生医学研究及更好地应用于临床治疗提供思路和参考依据。     

马钱子苷对神经干细胞的增殖、存活和分化的调节作用

为探讨不同浓度的马钱子苷对神经干细胞的增殖、存活和分化的调节作用及其相关分子机制，本实验从成年小鼠大脑中分离培养了神经干细胞，用不同浓度的马钱子苷进行干预，观察马钱子苷对神经干细胞增殖、存活和分化的影响。结果显示：成年小鼠神经干细胞在含有中、高浓度马钱子苷的增殖培养基中培养5 d和7 d后，神经球数量和直径与对照相比显著增加（P<0.05）；中、高剂量的马钱子苷能够促进神经干细胞的有丝分裂，低剂量马钱子苷处理显著促进神经干细胞发生分化（P<0.01），并增加神经元和星形胶质细胞的数量及比例（P<0.01）；中、高剂量马钱子苷抑制神经干细胞分化（P<0.05），高剂量的马钱子苷使得神经元的数量减少（P<0.05）。研究结果表明，高浓度的马钱子苷能够促进神经干细胞存活，并通过促进神经干细胞有丝分裂来提高其增殖能力；低浓度的马钱子苷促进神经干细胞分化，有利于神经再生和少突胶质细胞再生。研究结果为神经干细胞治疗中枢神经系统疾病的研究奠定了理论和实验基础。     

甜荞愈伤组织分化研究

研究了龙山荞、浦江荞、美国荞和牡丹荞四种甜荞子叶和下胚轴的愈伤组织形成与分化的影响因子.结果表明：17.8μmol/L～26.6μmol/L（4.0 mg/L～6.0 mg/L）的BA与0.9μmol/L（0.2 mg/L）的2,4-D配合使用可有效促进甜荞愈伤组织中芽的分化和芽的生长;高浓度的蔗糖（4.5%～6.0%）促进甜荞愈伤组织根的分化和愈伤组织的生长;在培养基中附加活性炭抑制甜荞愈伤组织分化根.     

26-失碳-8-氧代-α-芒柄花萜醇对体外培养成骨细胞活性的影响

为研究玉柏石松提取物26-失碳-8-氧代-α-芒柄花萜醇(26-NO-Ono)对成骨细胞活性的影响,采用MTT检测不同浓度26-NO-Ono(3.33,6.66,13.32,26.64μmol/L)对成骨细胞增殖率,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)试剂盒检测成骨细胞内ALP活性,荧光定量PCR检测成骨细胞骨相关基因表达.结果表明:26-NO-Ono给药1d可促进成骨细胞增殖,给药3d可促进成骨细胞ALP活性.26-NO-Ono处理3d和9d会抑制骨涎蛋白(BSP)、I型胶原蛋白(Col-I)以及骨钙素蛋白(OCN)的基因表达;处理6d会促进上述基因的表达.26-NO-Ono长期处理(6d和9d)可以抑制骨桥蛋白(OPN)的基因表达,说明26-NO-Ono对成骨细胞的成骨活性的影响呈时间依赖性,剂量依赖性和细胞分化状态依赖性.     

Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells promoted by overexpression of connective tissue growth factor

Objective: Large segmental bone defect repair remains a clinical and scientific challenge with increasing interest focusing on combining gene transfection with tissue engineering techniques. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods: A CTGF-expressing plasmid (pCTGF) was constructed and transfected into MSCs. Then expressions of bone morphogenesis-related genes, proliferation rate, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization were examined to evaluate the osteogenic potential of the CTGF gene-modified MSCs. Results: Overexpression of CTGF was confirmed in pCTGF-MSCs. pCTGF transfection significantly enhanced the proliferation rates of pCTGF-MSCs (P<0.05). CTGF induced a 7.5-fold increase in cell migration over control (P<0.05). pCTGF transfection enhanced the expression of bone matrix proteins, such as bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and collagen type I in MSCs. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of pCTGF-MSCs at the 1st and 2nd weeks were 4.0- and 3.0-fold higher than those of MSCs cultured in OS-medium, significantly higher than those of mock-MSCs and normal control MSCs (P<0.05). Overexpression of CTGF in MSCs enhanced the capability to form mineralized nodules. Conclusion: Overexpression of CTGF could improve the osteogenic differentiation ability of MSCs, and the CTGF gene-modified MSCs are potential as novel cell resources of bone tissue engineering.     

Genistein and Daidzein Effects on Proliferation, Cell Membranes, Cell Cycles and Cell Apoptosis of Different Cell Lines

IntroductionIsoflavonoids are found mainly in soybeans,aprimary food source for humans and herbivores.The structure and function of isoflavonoids aresimilar to 1 7β- estradiol (1 7β- E2 ) ,and have dualeffects as both mammal oestrogenicity and anti-oestrogenicity,so they are also termed isoflavonicphytoestrogens(IPE) .It has been reported thatthese compounds can reduce blood fat,as well asthe risk of cancer and osteoporosis[1] .Genistein and daidzein are two principleisoflavonoids in soybe…     

Effects of Nd<Superscript>3+</Superscript> and Sm<Superscript>3+</Superscript> on the proliferation,differentiation and mineralization function of primary osteoblasts <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

A series of experimental methods including 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measurement, Oil Red O stain and measurement, mineralized function expression and quantitive real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) were employed to assess the effect of Nd³⁺ and Sm³⁺ on the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization function of primary osteoblasts (OBs) in vitro at cell and molecular levels. The experimental results suggest that concentration, culture time and ion species are pivotal factors for switching the biological effects of rare earth ions from toxicity to activity, from damage to protection, or from down-regulation to up-regulation.